Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) Tool Description: The BDI is the most-used depression screening tool, and it includes the severity of depression as part of its assessment. Funding: This work was financed by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (fondocyt) in the Dominican Republic. Lindsay, William R.; Skene, Danielle D. 2007-01-01. BDI assesses key symptoms of depression including mood, pessimism, sense of failure, self-dissatisfaction, guilt, punishment, self-dislike, self-accusation . Scoring The Beck Depression Inventory. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 334-340. The corrected item-total correlation was also calculated for the items of each factor. Download full paper File format: .doc, available for editing. (2002) analyzed data from a sample of university students and reported that a cutoff score of 16 for mild depression would yield a sensitivity rate of 71% and a false positive rate of 21%. (1998). However, 30% of bilingual participants would be placed in a different depressive category depending on whether their Spanish or English scores are used. Their findings replicate what has been found in Canadian, Swedish, and Bulgarian non-clinical adolescents, but are different from factor analyses conducted with inpatient and outpatient adolescents in the United States. A number of studies report that females score significantly higher than males do on the BDI in adult (Beck, Steer, & Brown, 1996) and adolescent populations (Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis, 2002; Osman, Kopper, Guttierez, Barrios, & Bagge, 2004; Steer, Kumar, Ranieri, & Beck, 1998). Description of the Test and History III. The Beck Depression Inventory - Second Edition (BDI-II) is a 21-item self-report measure designed to measure severity of depression consistent with symptoms of depression as presented in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders - Fourth Edition (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association 1994) in both adolescents aged 13 years and older and adults (Beck et al. Kumar, Steer, Teitelman, & Villacis (2001) examined adolescents who had cutoff scores of 21 and above. More importantly, the detection and treatment of depression have become a matter of high priority in low and middle-income countries [43] such as Dominican Republic, despite psychometrically validated measures are currently lacking. First, the sample study was selected by convenience being primarily compounded by individuals stem from general population. Among women who have experienced intimate partner violence, those with comorbid PTSD and Major Depression show higher levels of symptomatology on the BDI-II than those with PTSD alone and those with no PTSD or Major Depression (Nixon, Resick, Nishith, 2004). Introduction. The Beck Depression Inventory or BDI is an assessment method to evaluate the most important symptoms of depression. (2005). It contains 21 items, and a patient has to rate them all on a scale to help the doctor assess his medical condition. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that a bifactor model with a general depression factor and three specific factors consisting of cognitive, affective and somatic showed the best fit to the data. Results from hierarchical and bifactor BDI-II models supported both models. The other pro is that it has a very high internal consistency. The test-retest reliability of the BDI-II ranged from 0.73 to 0.92, which means that the scores are consistent over time. (2005). While the Beck Depression Inventory is one of the most widely used inventories for measuring symptoms of depression, there are both pros and cons to this method of diagnosis. Five screening items reduce the length and the intrusiveness of the questionnaire for patients who are nonsuicidal. Learn More. They also reported good internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and convergent validity. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. As expected, t-test analysis revealed that BDI-II scores discriminated between individuals from hospital and general population. A decrease in scores over time indicates that the person's symptoms are improving. It also differentiates between major depressive disorder and dysthymic disorder in . The BDI-II was revised in 1996 to be more consistent with DSM-IV criteria for depression. Ehlers, A., Clark, D., Hackmann, A., McManus, F., & Fennel, M. (2005). Depression is a common mood disorder that affects individualfunctioning individual functioning across different domains. Learn more about accessibility at UWMadison. Items are on a four-point scale that ranges from 0 to 3. Below is a sampling of some of these articles: Offers FREE continuing education (CE) credits and e-learning resources. Universidad Arturo Michelena, Valencia, Venezuela, Affiliations Storch, E.A., Roberti, J.W., & Roth, D.A. Leigh & Tolbert (2001) examined the reliability of the BDI-II with deaf college students and found good internal consistency (alpha=.88), split-half reliability (.76), and one-week test-retest reliability (.77). This paper, therefore, evaluates the instrument, looking at its design and format, its Psychometric properties, strengths, and weaknesses. Psychol Assess. (2002). In effect, higher averages are observed in the general BDI-II score (average = 16.91; standard deviation = 11.62; t (881) = 7.49; p<0.01), and in the cognitive dimensions (average = 5.02; standard deviation = 4.31; t (881) = 6.33; p<0.01), somatic (average = 8.24; standard deviation = 5.35; t (881) = 5.87; p<0.01), and affective (average = 3.65; standard deviation = 3.15; t (881) = 8.17; p<0.01), with a greater effect size on the Cohen's d values (d general = .80; d cognitive = .64; d somatic = .71; d affective = .82). Universidad Siglo 21, Crdoba, Argentina, Second, we focused in the analysis of the latent structure of BDI-II, which is just one element of construct validity among several others [62]. Therefore, findings cannot be generalized and further replication in both representative samples from general population and clinical samples are needed. In this study we are using the Spanish version of Beck Depression Inventory-II [44], which has an excellent reliability coefficient of .92. prezi.com. The Beck Anxiety Inventory or (BAI), is a self-report test that contains 21 multiple-choice questions (Likert scale from 0 to 3 in terms of how severe you perceive the symptom) and it is used to measure anxiety symptoms (severity and level) that an . Items are summed to create a total score, with higher scores indicating higher levels of depression. broad scope, and wide readership a perfect fit for your research every time. Psychological Assessment, 15, 569-577. No, Is the Subject Area "Dominican Republic" applicable to this article? Reliability of the BDI-II with deaf persons. "This research had the revision and approval of the National Council of Bioethics in Health/ Consejo Nacional de Biotica en Salud (CONABIOS) of the Dominican Republic. Reliability and validity of the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories in Caucasian Americans and Latinos. 3 I am so sad and unhappy that I can't stand it. Reliability and Validity of the Beck Depression Inventory-II among Korean Adolescents. Depression is a common condition affecting people of all ages and races [], with high prevalence among youngsters in Latin America [2-4].Early onset depression is of interest because of the need to identify early cases of depression and potentially prevent or reduce consequences later in life [5, 6].Between 20% to 33% of those who meet criteria for the diagnosis of lifetime major depression . According to this index, those models that present values lower than AIC provide a better fit. Thank you, {{form.email}}, for signing up. Transl Psychiatry. It is important to keep in mind that the BDI is a self-report measure. Common and specific dimensions of self-reported anxiety and depression: the BDI-II versus the BDI-IA. Psychological Reports, 94(3), 1444-1446. To learn more about depression and how . Assessment, 9, 164-170. If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. In order to assess the effect size of these differences, Cohen's d was calculated, with values around .30 considered as small effects, values around .50 as medium effects and values greater than .80 as large effects [53]. Norms were based on a predominantly Caucasian sample. The present study sought to examine the dimensionality and reliability of the BDI-II in Republic Dominican. The scale can be divided into 2 subscales . Content is reviewed before publication and upon substantial updates. So far, the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) has become one of the most widely used measures to assess depressive symptoms and their severity in adolescents and adults [4]. Validation of the BDI-II in a low-income African American sample of medical outpatients. Beck, A. T., Ward, C. H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & ERBAUGH, J. This method has demonstrated to be statistically more powerful for controlling Type 1 error compared to Bonferroni adjustment [52]. The mean age was 27.07 (SD = 11.18). As expected, statistically significant differences were observed with higher averages in the hospital sample. International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 9(1), 22-28. Affiliation Michael, T., Ehlers, A., & Halligan, S.L. It can be used to screen for depression and monitor the course of treatment. Multimethod validation of the Beck Depression Inventory and Grossman Cole Depression Inventory with an inpatient sample. Interpretation. Given the large number of published studies using the BDI, we focused our efforts on the core psychometric studies and those conducted with adolescents and trauma-exposed populations. Its development marked a shift among health care professionals, who had until then viewed depression from a psychodynamic perspective, instead of it being rooted in the patients own thoughts. Thus, even using the exactly same words the interpretation and meaning may be quite different [45]. The authors suggest findings provide support for the BDI-II in this population (Al-Musawi, 2001). 2011;63 Suppl 11:S454-S466. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(3), 355-365. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) is a self-report questionnaire used to measure the severity of depression. In order to compare the fit of the models, the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was also considered. Effectiveness of Beck Depression Inventory-II subscales in screening for major depressive disorders in adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Convergent validity means that the BDI-II correlates highly with other measures of depression, such as the PHQ-9. Is the Subject Area "Depression" applicable to this article? The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). CBT interventions for depression generally focus on helping clients become more engaged in activities that they value and have given up since becoming depressed. They found no differences between Caucasians and non-Caucasians but did report significant correlations between age and BDI-II scores. As an additional criterion, the value was divided by the degrees of freedom (/df), with the aim of obtaining values lower than 3 in order to consider the model a good fit [50,51]. Although they used the original BDI in this study, they suggested that results would generalize to the BDI-II given the overlap between the two. Universidad Nacional d Crdoba, Crdoba, Argentina. The test has its advantages and disadvantages. 1. In Dominican Republic the scientific research on depression is absent [55] which may negatively impact the development of cultural sensitive evidence-based interventions. These are clearly affected by the person, the person's world and the future. The original BDI, first published in 1961, consisted of twenty-one questions about how the subject has been feeling in the last week. 1961;4:561-571. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004. Common depression assessment tools differ widely in the symptoms they ask about. Once the activity was completed, a focus group was used to enable individuals to share their appreciations concerning items, response format, instructions, and to check for discrepancies in the interpretation or meanings. Internal reliability was moderate to high for all subscales and for the total scale. It is also necessary to admit that a peculiar feature of this mental . Beck's Depression Inventory . Psychological Assessment, 17(1), 110-114. Current address: Escuela de Psicologa, Pontifica Universidad Catlica Madre y Maestra, Santiago de los Caballeros, Repblica Dominicana. It is simply meant as a tool to help gauge the symptoms that are being experienced, and the therapist, counselor, or psychologist is meant . This test opened up a new dimension for health care professionals. However, comparison of its structure across countries and languages remains understudied. The revised BDI, known as the BDI-II, is the most widely used version of the questionnaire. Bilingual participants completed both English and Spanish versions, with comparable scores across language administrations. Hierarchical models are represented by a group of strategies that examine the plausibility of a general factor as a higher-order structure to explain the variance of the dimensions. In this study a Hof .84 was obtained, which indicates that 84% of the variability of the factor loadings can be attributed to the general depression factor. Analyses with adult inpatients have identified a single hierarchical depression factor (Cole, Grossman, Prillman, & Hunsaker, 2003). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Several versions of the BDI tool exist. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory used to assess anxiety levels in adults and adolescents. The BDI has been widely used in research studies and clinical practice. For example: When the test is scored, a value of 0 to 3 is assigned for each answer and then the total score is compared to a key to determine the depressions severity. (2003). The measure has been found to be useful in detecting change in treatment-outcome studies. You need to invest in your inventory. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T.A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S. (2002). This tool, the Beck Depression Inventory, is one of the top tools used to assess a person's mental health and determine whether they are experiencing depression. The BDI-II is a widely used 21-item self-report inventory measuring the severity of depression in adolescents and adults. The PHQ-9 is the nine item depression scale of the patient health questionnaire. 2020;10(1):108. In contrast, findings concerning BDI-II factor structure have been somewhat inconsistent. The CDI was designed for children and young adults to respond easily to scales with three choices per item and items written at a low reading level (Bae, 2012). Sprinkle, S.D., Lurie, D., Insko, S.L., Atkinson, G., Jones, G.L., Logan, A.R., & Bissada, N.N. EMDR therapy following the 9/11 terrorist attacks: A community-based intervention project in New York City. In practice, this finding implies that BDI-II items can be summed to form an overall score, with higher total scores indicating greater level of depression severity [32]. Our website is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Please contact the author of the questionnaire for use permissions. doi: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.87. (2001). Consistent with previous research conducted by Beck, they identified 2 first-order factors (somatic and cognitive) and one second-order factor (depression). (1998). Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Comparison of two self-evaluation scales and clinical assessment with a structured questionnaire. A PsychInfo search of Beck Depression Inventory or BDI AND trauma yielded 681 peer-reviewed journal articles (6/05). The BDI was developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, a psychiatrist, and released in 1961. They found that none of the two-factor models have acceptable fit and, in contrast, all the corresponding bifactor models showed good fit indices, concluding that only BDI-II total score should be used to measure the severity of depression. Results have consistently shown good internal consistency and test-retest reliability of the BDI-II incommunity [9,10,11] adolescent and adult clinical outpatients [12] as well as in adult clinical inpatients [13]. Discriminant validity of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory (II) and Beck Anxiety Inventory to confirmed clinical diagnosis of depression and anxiety in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This disorder is characterized by changes in sleep, appetite and psychomotricity, decreased concentration and decision-making ability, loss of self-confidence, feelings of inferiority or worthlessness and guilt, as well as despair and recurrent thoughts of death with ideation, planning and/or suicidal acts. Today, BDI is considered one of the vital . The Self-report study based on the symptoms described by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) [6], which makes measuring depressive severity possible. Feelings like guilt, loneliness, and fear can make a serious impact on a person's ability to feel hopeful and happy. Cognitive therapy for post-traumatic stress disorder. Psychological Assessment, 10, 83-89. Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J. The mean age was 37.20 (SD=15.91). There are several other depression screens that are not proprietary and are in the public domain for use. The cut-off points of values greater than .95 reported by Hu and Bentler [48] and Joreskog and Sorboms [49] were used for the CFI and GFI indices in order to consider an optimal fit, and greater than .90 for an acceptable fit. The Spanish adaption of Becks Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II): Psychometric properties in the general population/Adapatacin espaola del Inventario para la Depresin de Beck-II (BDI-II): Propriedades psicomtricas en poblacin general. The majority of studies conducted with adolescents have been predominantly Caucasian and have not included large numbers of individuals of lower socio-economic status. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI, BDI-II), created by Dr. Aaron T. Beck, is a 21-question multiple-choice self-report inventory, one of the most widely used instruments for measuring the severity of depression. Ratings are summed to provide a total score ranging from 0 - 63. Author. Addressing this issue may have not only practical implications (i.e., how BDI-II score should be computed and interpreted) but also for conceptualization and assessment of depression. Subsequent reliability analysis of the BDI-II total score and subscale scores showed acceptable to high internal consistency, with alpha coefficients ranging from .70 to .89. 7. This research was supported by the National Fund for Innovation and Scientific and Technological Development (FONDOCYT) of the Dominican Republic, for this reason we thank you. Dozois, Dobson, & Ahnberg (1998) indicated sensitivity and specificity rates listed above using cutoffs of 0-12 (nondepressed), 13-19 (dysphoric), and 20-63 (dysphoric or depressed). The first revision occurred in 1979, also popularized as BDI-I A, differs from the . If you are concerned about your level of depression, it is important to discuss your symptoms with a mental health professional. No, Is the Subject Area "Cross-cultural studies" applicable to this article? Yes Azocar, F., Aren, P., Miranda, J., & Muoz, R.F. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. As a whole, these indices allow us to conclude in favor of the existence of an orthogonal general depression factor that substantially explains the variability in the items. Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S. There are many resources available to help you. Validating the Beck Depression Inventory-II for Hong Kong community adolescents. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) measures and assesses the intensity of physical and cognitive anxiety symptoms during the past month. Questionnaires and other measures are provided here solely as a courtesy to accompany our scoring code. Cross-cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Scores on BDI-II discriminated between clinical and general population, supporting for external validity. International Journal of Stress Management, 12(1), 29-42. Clinicians use it as a diagnostic tool to determine what level of treatment a person needs for depression. [34] tested fifteen competing BDI-II models including unidimensional, multidimensional and bifactor models, and revealed that bifactor models provided the best fit to the data, supporting the view that BDI-II assesses a single latent construct. Scoring files were written in the R statistical programming language by John Curtin and are free for reuse. Beck and colleagues developed the original scale in 1961 for use with adolescents and adults (Dozois, Dobson, & Anhberg, 1998). 2016;13(3):220-228. doi:10.1177/1479972316634604, By Arlin Cuncic