In 1837, Angelina wrote to William Lloyd Garrisons The Liberator. The reform impulse was not solely confined to the United States; Europeans were also in the midst of their own reform efforts. Merchants with commercial ties to the South. 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Dix was instrumental in motivating a state role in the creation of these facilities. For example, Virginia passed legislation making it illegal to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. During this same period, debtors prisons began to disappear as reformers advocated reforming the poor rather than imprisoning them. Three hundred delegates, both men and women, attended the meeting. It's was the best answer at the time for white Americans. Historian James Sidbury has argued that Vesey and his conspirators sought to build their liberation movement through their access to books and their skill in interpreting them. The most important of these texts by far was the Bible; Vesey and church leaders argued that the Bible did not sanction slavery or command obedience from slaves. \text{Income Taxes Payable}& 430,000 &300,000\\ In 1821, the ACS helped to establish the colony of Liberia on the west coast of Africa and assisted some 13,000 slaves and free blacks to emigrate to the colony. Dr. William Ellery Channing, one of the leading preachers and theologians of the Unitarian Church, preached on the great potential of humans. \quad\text{Rosenwald Company}&125,000\\ For the most part, colonizationists accepted the idea of black inferiority. She assisted in the research for his 1839 indictment of slavery, American Slavery as it is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses. Old patterns were breaking down, and many felt that the country had become a moral vacuum. Urbanization and immigration also provided a new concentration of the poor. Ministers such as Connecticut Presbyterian Lyman Beecher also spoke out against alcohol as a societal evil. The Second Great Awakening swept through most of the country, but it took differing forms in the North and the South. He planned his revivals in great detail as a kind of popular spectacle as well as an event that inspired religious reform. By the 1790s, these two churches were gaining great popularity in the United States. What were the major goals of antebellum reform? Learn about temperance and abolition and . In the early nineteenth century, the United States was becoming a more diverse nation; the new varieties of Protestantism were one reflection of this change. Simplify!"; and the minister Theodore Parker's close association with the radical abolitionist John Brown. Transcendentalism's roots were in American Christianity. Give Me Liberty Ch. In the spring of 1841, Dix visited a Cambridge jail in order to teach Sunday school for a group of women inmates. In 1834, middle-class women in New York City organized the Female Moral Reform Society, which sought to redeem prostitutes from lives of sin and to protect the morality of single women. Before the nineteenth century, crime, poverty, and mental illness in America were handled through family and voluntary efforts. Like the preachers of the revivals, the temperance movement reformers called for individuals to lead clean lives and to redeem their sinning neighbors. Leadership and authority within the church was the exclusive domain of white men. In many ways, the organized womens rights movement grew out of abolitionist organizations and the movement of the early 1800s. The womens rights movement did not attract broad support among women or men during the antebellum era. The African Methodist Episcopal Church where Vesey preached was destroyed. Moreover, her reports on jails also aided in the efforts to reform prisons. Throughout New England, many Christians began to espouse Unitarianism, a sect based on the importance of human reason. There she found the inmates, some of them mentally ill (whom Dix refers to as lunatics), housed in filthy conditions in unheated cells. Her body, her possessions (Except personal items), her children. Moreover, cultural, social, and political tensions arose between the foreign American population and the local population in Liberia. \text{Patent}& \$ 750,000 &\$ 875,000\\ Further reproduction prohibited without . Was used as an avenue to social advancement and was shared by the early labor movement, which made the establishment of common schools one of its goals. The meetings typically lasted three to five days and were meant to reawaken or revive ones religious faith through an intense, emotional experience. In addition to cotton, the great commodity of the antebellum South was human chattel. \quad\text{Total Intangibles}& \$ 1,875,000 &\$ 2,000,000\\ Even anti-slavery and abolitionist groups refused to grant full rights to black members. \textbf{Intangibles (at Net Carrying Value)}\\ \text{Certificate of Deposit}& 225,000& \\ The result was the creation of penitentiaries, which sought to transform criminals into law abiding citizens through hard work, religious instruction, and isolation from the corruption of social vices. Over the next two days, the insurrectionists killed some sixty white men, women, and children. For the most part, it appealed to the elite of society. The Seneca Falls Convention worked to establish____. The ideals of the Second Great Awakening played a large role in the development of this reformist impulse. Add texts here. In part, this was achieved by a certain theatricality of preaching. They formed abolition groups together to voice their opinions and fought in arguments over women's suffrage. Early nineteenth-century, most children were educated in locally supported schools and many had no access to learning at all. Douglass was a skilled orator and a prolific writer. Antebellum Reform Imagination A Dissertation Presented to The Faculty of the American Studies Program The College of William and Mary in Virginia In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Robert Kent Nelson 2006. American reformers believed that their country was destined to become a great democracy. One of the defining characteristics of the Second Great Awakening was large gatherings at religious revivals. \textbf{Shareholders Equity}\\ For the most part, the African American community did not see colonization or repatriation as a viable alternative to emancipation and abolition. They believed that social deviants, including criminals and debtors, could be reformed and morally redeemed. Many different kinds of Americans worked in the reform movement. Each of these movements worked for freedom and emancipation and to grant a greater body of rights to two of the groups on the periphery of American society. The Society grew quickly and soon had spread across the country. Also, become productive, self-disciplined citizens. Legal. Many of the congregants were literate, including Vesey himself. In the north, the movement reached its zenith in the Burned-Over District of Charles Finney. \text{Equipment Mortgage Indebtedness}& 332,000 &1,300,000\\ Teachers tend to be so . Some, like Garrison, favored fiery calls and no moderation; at a rally in 1854, Garrison asserted that there could be no union with slaveholders and called the U.S. Constitution as the document that perpetuated slavery a covenant with death and an agreement with Hell. Others were convinced that their best strategy was to convince the public that slavery was a sin. Retained Earnings for 2013 Some of this came from a lack of understanding; in other cases, it was overt prejudice. The colonizationist wanted antislavery but the want to segregation between white and blacks. By the 1820s, the Methodist and Baptist churches were the largest evangelical denominations. They were inspired in part by the success of British abolitionists. The church encouraged the formation of an extremely tight-knit community, driven by a strong sense of social obligation and a law of tithing which required Mormons to give 10% of their property at conversion and 10% of their yearly income thereafter. The Unitarian church was most popular in New England and was centered in Boston. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Afterward, the rebels would flee to the newly-freed nation of Haiti. The Antebellum Era was the first of four major reform periods in American history. Antebellum culture in America reflected the growing sectional crisis, at times seeking to pave over sectional differences and at other times making light of them. \text{Chicago Finance Corporation (40\\\% Owned)}& \$ 4,000,000 &\$ 2,200,000\\ Women were sick of oppression and it was time to finally fight for equal rights; while the African Americans were to get more rights it was only right for the women to gain these rights as well. \text{Sales}&& \$13,920,000\\ Often, white abolitionists knowingly or unknowingly exploited stereotypes in their abolitionist efforts. Debtors were punished by imprisonment. But one of the greatest frustrations that many black abolitionists faced was the racism they sometimes experienced from their fellow white abolitionists. Unitarians stressed the inherent goodness of humankind. In 1823, Smith recounted that an angel named Moroni had visited him. The abolitionist sentiment was also present in the South. At the same time, the Second Great Awaking stressed the notion of personal responsibility and the responsibility of a person to the sins of neighbors. Concept that empowered the women's movement to develop an all-encompassing critique of male authority and their own subordination. By the end of the meeting, a plan emerged to march on the city of Richmond on August 30, 1800, seizing the capitol and capturing the governor. To understand it fully, however, one must consider its origins. Education would "equalize the conditions of men.". Explain in your own words the significance of writing a bad check. One means of teaching these values was through the series McGuffeys Readers, a series of texts that taught not only spelling and vocabulary, but also punctuality, frugality, and temperance. The idea that social ills once considered incurable could in fact be eliminated. In 1822 , a former slave named Denmark Vesey planned to lead eighty slaves in a revolt in Charleston, South Carolina. The first and foremost of these goals was achieving the right to vote as an inalienable right of full, republican citizenship. Reformers worked to create public institutions to deal with the social problems. There, the convention refused to seat the American female delegates. The book reports that there, Jesus visited the Nephites after his crucifixion and resurrection. 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