Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. So, the whole connections between the world monetary systems were basically private sector finance. The old and brutal duke was again successful, and the vast dominions of Portugal fell into Philip's hands. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Essex had numerous clashes with two of the queen's most able ministers, William Cecil (15201598) and his son, Robert Cecil (15631612). As he rode from Edinburgh to London in 1603, shortly after becoming king, he was met by a group of Puritans (members of the Anglican Church who advocated strict reforms). 6,279 talking about this. From their base of operations in Quebec, New France's capital, the French surged farther into the North American interior. In 1150 a new group of Berber conquerors, the Almohades, came to Isabella believed that only Catholicism could unite the separate provinces of Spain. In 1534 he explored the Saint Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesin search of a passage to China. With the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, Spain's two largest Christian kingdoms, Aragon (in central Spain) and Castile (in eastern Spain), were united into a powerful force. France (Franks) The territory which today forms France had its earliest periods of human habitation in various Early Cultures.The modern nation state emerged from what had been the Celtic territory known to the Romans as as Gaul or Gallia. timer. It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. Prince Henry the Navigator (13941460), a son of John I, founded a nautical school at Sagres, where he gathered the world' best navigators, mapmakers, geographers, and astronomers. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) do with the translation. Over the next thirty years the French armies continued to advance, winning major battles against the English. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. In pursuit of the second he led France, in 1635, into the Thirty Years' War (16181648), a series of conflicts fought mainly in Germany over many social, political, and religious issues (see "Thirty Years' War" in Chapter 6). The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. Henry and his advisers were fearful of a Catholic attempt to invade England. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. A pet project was the renovation of the royal palaces at Blois, Chambord, Fontainebleau, and the Louvre. Q: Which of the following is a phase of the Mightiest Governor event? Charles received funding for both the trip and the bribe. Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). In 1598 he signed the Edict of Nantes, which guaranteed religious freedom to the Huguenots. He enjoyed delivering lectures on history and politics. In 1328 his nephew, Philip VI (12931350; ruled 132850), took the throne as the first king from the Valois (pronounced val-WAH) family, a branch of the Capetians. Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men At first all went well for Francis. By contrast, the Roman Catholic Church considered communion to be an actual partaking of the body and spirit of Christ. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. She did not call herself Supreme Head, possibly because it was believed a woman could not head a church. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. Jews became highly influential in Spain from the tenth through the twelfth centuries, a period that is often called the "Golden Age" of Jewish history. In 2022, the game reached its peak. Spain made peace with England in 1604 and reached a truce with the United Provinces of the Netherlands in 1609. The young woman would not marry a non-Catholic, however, so James turned to France, another Catholic nation. In the fifteenth century, the uncharted ocean was an unknown frontier that held as much mystery for seafarers as space holds for the world today. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. One of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. Other notable leaders fled to safety in Germany. He returned about a year later with the news that he had discovered the Indies. Below the lords were vassals (knights), who held smaller amounts of land awarded to them by lords. Today Mary is best known as "Bloody Mary" because of her persecution of Protestants. In pursuit of the first of these objectives, Richelieu destroyed the political power of the Protestants. Once the thriving center of sea trade on the Iberian Peninsula, Catalonia and its capital city Barcelona had been declining since the middle of the fifteenth century. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. answer choices. In This dramatic event came about when the Habsburgs, the royal family that controlled Spain, rejected Mary as the future wife of the fourteen-year-old Charles I, who was to become king of Spain (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. went on a rampage that is now called the "German Fury" and sacked Rome. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Crowned King William I of England (also known as William the Conqueror; ruled 106687), he introduced French language and culture into that country. Their reign, which lasted until Isabella's death in 1504, marked the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Renaissance in Spain. Royal Family of Norway. Cao Cao During the next two hundred years, nearly every remaining land mass in the world, with the exception of Antarctica, was explored and mapped by explorers from these countries. February 3, 2023. Elizabeth's court became the cultural center of its day, and her era was a time of unparalled literary achievement. Then, in a crowning victory, Philip's navy, under lvaro de Bzan (15261588), the marquis de Santa Cruz, smashed a combined English-French force off the coast of the Azores in 1582 and 1583. Ferdinand remained regent of Castile. At a Catholic church in Wittenberg, Germany, a German monk named Martin Luther presented a document called the Ninety-five Theses. Both Katherine When the popes would not give in to Philip's demands he resolved the situation by having his agents arrest Pope Boniface VIII (c.12351303; reigned 12941303). Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. Pope Clement VII joined Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England in the League of Co gnac, an alliance against Spain and the Holy Roman Empire. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. The last group of colonists mysteriously disappeared. 314 talking about this. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. End of the Merovingian dynasty. Those who chose to stay in Spain had to submit to baptism (a ceremony marking admission into the Christian religion) or be put to death. Known as William the Silent, he was the ruler of Orange, a province in southeastern France. Francis died of gout and liver disease at Rambouillet, France, in 1547. Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. The Capetians were a family who controlled the le-de-France, a region centered on Paris that extended roughly a three days' march in all directions around the city. While the French fought on in Naples, the Spaniards moved into other parts of Italy. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. Mary was a Catholic who had been driven from Scotland by Protestants. Not even his genius, however, could win for Henry the crown of the Holy Roman Empire. You have to answer the questions about Rise of kingdoms and world history, in return, you will earn Gems and some other small rewards. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. Its significance goes far beyond its role in a few centuries in the European Middle Ages, however. The church then sent Franciscans and Jesuits (members of Catholic religious orders) into Granada and Valencia to apply pressure on the Moriscos. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici 3. His successor, Louis XIV (16381715; ruled 16431715), was only five years old. During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. The Project Gutenberg eBook of Critical and Historical Essays, Volume III (of 3), by Thomas Babington Macaulay This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. Francis begged to be taken from Naples to Spain, and he was placed under house arrest in Madrid for over a year. The Dutch quickly found an alternate route to the Spice Islands, bypassing the Portuguese-controlled Strait of Malacca by sailing around the island of Sumatra. Only eight Portuguese were killed. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. Charles V won his greatest victory as seventy thousand imperial soldiers annihilated the forces of the German Protestant princes at Mberg. By this time Elizabeth had prepared the English fleet and organized a dedicated but small land army. After much negotiation, the following outcomes of the Yalta Conference emerged: Unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany, the division of Germany and Berlin into four occupational zones controlled by the United States, Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union. This reform movement resulted in the revolution known as the Protestant Reformation, which eventually spread throughout Europe. In August, sailing against strong winds, the Armada began moving up the English Channel toward Flanders. Unable to capture Paris by force, Henry embraced Catholicism in 1593 and entered the city peacefully the following year. The older of Edward's two infant sons was declared the rightful heir to the throne; he was to be known as King Edward V. Edward IV's younger brother, Richard (14521485), duke of Gloucester, was supposed to protect Edward V. Within three months, however, Richard had outsmarted his opponents and he took the throne as Richard III (ruled 148385). or leaving the dominion of Castile. Henry the Navigtor believed the mission would be dangerous if undertaken by sea. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. In 1585 she openly supported the Dutch rebels. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. Capitalism brought about the rise of cities, which were built as hubs in a network of trade routes throughout Europe. It was moderate in tonethat is, it did not reflect drastic changes from the Roman Catholic worship servicesbut a revision issued in 1552 was radically different. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. In the late fifteenth century Spain began to focus on the riches to be gained from ocean trade. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. ceremony. King Francis I became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. James could not prevent Parliament from voting funds for a campaign against Spain. Christians were becoming impatient because only a few Moriscos had actually converted. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. Five years later Mary, who was now near death, named Elizabeth to be her successor. split into kingdoms and city-states. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). Edward and his brother were soon murdered, and many suspected that Richard had killed them. Charles spent his final years as an adviser to Philip, who soon earned the nickname of the "Prudent King" because he made decisions slowly and with great deliberation. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. Juan de Padilla (c. 14901521), a representative from Toledo, organized leaders in other cities into a "Holy League of Cities." Charles had firmly consolidated After a six-month battle, however, Edward's forces killed Neville and proclaimed victory. The ruling dynasty of France during much of the Renaissance, the Valois gained the throne in 1328 when the last king of the Capetian dynasty died wit, War of the Spanish Succession, 170114, last of the general European wars caused by the efforts of King Louis XIV to extend French power. This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. The ships did not set sail again until July. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that Philip was convinced, however, that God had chosen him for a special mission to defend the Catholic faith. power of the great feudal lords. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. (See "England" section later in this chapter.). In 1520 Wolsey, Henry's principal adviser, attempted to bring peace to Europe by arranging the Treaty of London, but this scheme was not workable. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. 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