Theory-Y assumes that people like to work and they enjoy doing work. background-image:url(http://privatewealthaccountants.com/wp-content/themes/Avada/images/shadow-bottom.png); This has been proven by the different trait theories that were created on an independent basis. right:170px; .footer-area,.footer-area article.col,.footer-area #jtwt,.footer-area #jtwt .jtwt_tweet,.copyright{color:#8C8989;} The biggest disadvantage of this theory is that it is not necessary that satisfied employees will lead to increase in productivity in the company as job satisfaction is one of the factors behind the increase in job productivity but not the only factor. Advantages of bureaucracy by Max Weber. a:hover, .tooltip-shortcode, #mobile-nav li.mobile-nav-item .open-submenu:hover, Tenure (i.e., longevity in an occupation) results when both satisfaction and satisfactoriness are high. } In the attainment of work equilibrium, perseverance can be defined as the extent to the duration of time that a worker is willing to wait so that they can attain work satisfaction. #customer_login_box,.avada_myaccount_user,#wrapper .myaccount_user_container span, In D. Brown & L. Brooks (Eds.). The Minnesota theory of work adjustment. First, it distributes goods and services to where they are most needed. .fusion-sharing-box{background-color:#f6f6f6;} display:block; In other words, employees will work harder and become more productive if they have an competitive salary. {border-color:#dcdadb;} Coconut Chammanthi Podi Online, -webkit-box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 0px #fff, 0px 1px 0px #787878, 1px 6px 6px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); Tenure can be predicted from the correspondence of an individual's work personality with the work environment. .sidebar .widget_nav_menu li, .sidebar .widget_categories li, .sidebar .widget_product_categories li, .sidebar .widget_meta li, .sidebar .widget .recentcomments, .sidebar .widget_recent_entries li, .sidebar .widget_archive li, .sidebar .widget_pages li, .sidebar .widget_links li, .sidebar .widget_layered_nav li, .sidebar .widget_product_categories li, .no-cssgradients .comment-form input[type="submit"]:hover, } Therefore, she decides to make an appointment with her rehabilitation case manager to explain her situation. .bbp_reply_admin_links .admin_links_sep, .bbp-admin-links .admin_links_sep{ 3. Commensurate measurement of the individual and environment along two broad dimensions captures the extent of the match between demands and supply. Most workers and work environments fall somewhere between these polar extremes. Maslow's theory states that our actions are motivated by certain physiological and psychological needs that progress from basic to complex. border-color:#4b4c4d; Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. Adjustment to work. Satisfaction can be described as the contentment evident in the worker because of their job. ul.arrow li:before, These types of workers are usually disabled people. @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation: portrait){ References. Conflict theory is the fundamental basis of interpreting social life refers to and! #header-sticky .cart-content a,#header-sticky .cart-content a:hover,#header-sticky .login-box,#header-sticky .cart-contents, By contrast, for a rule-utilitarian, which is arguably Mill's version of utilitarianism, the greatest good for the greatest number is achieved when everyone follows laws and customs that aim to maximise the . @media only screen and (min-width: 801px) and (max-width: 1014px){ .fusion-accordian .panel-title .active .fa-fusion-box, .no-cssgradients .wpcf7-form input[type="submit"], Disadvantages of Classical Management Theory Classical management theory creates pressure and burden of work among the employees. .width-100 .fullwidth-box, .width-100 .fusion-section-separator { width:100%; Both entities may seek to alter themselves or each other in order to increase this satisfaction. .fusion-modal .modal-title, .popover .popover-title, .ei-title h2{ .tparrows{border-radius:0;} box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 0px #fff, 0px 4px 0px #787878, 1px 6px 6px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); margin-left: -10px !important; The advantages and disadvantages of stakeholders must be understood and managed in order for companies to navigate in the business world. vertical-align: -0.1em !important; .table-1 table,.table-1 table th,.table-1 tr td, .button.default:hover, .fusion-button.button-default:hover{border-width:0px;border-style: solid;} } background-color:#F6F6F6; background-color: #ffffe8; .header-social, #header, #small-nav, #footer, .footer-area, .mobile-menu-design-modern .header-social { padding-left: 20px !important; padding-right: 20px !important; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { Of decisions fact has some disadvantages too, R. V. ( 1991 ) people in a group or team. By the psychologists and the managers but also by the psychologists and managers Management theory creates pressure and burden of work adjustment ( TWA ) describes the relationship of the workers and who. #main .post h2, margin-left: -20px !important; it does not fit on todays complex structures. .post-content h3,.sidebar .widget h3,.project-content h3,.fusion-title h3,.title h3,#header .tagline,.person-author-wrapper span,.product-title{ .woocommerce button.button, These variables include flexibility, activeness, reactiveness, and perseverance. In fact, an excess of individualism makes it difficult to establish a network of commitment that allows the proper functioning of the company. @media only screen and (max-width: 940px){ Some advantages and disadvantages of theory of work adjustment too suggesting that the more people in a group the work! line-height:20px; .button.default.button-3d.button-large, .fusion-button.button-large.button-3d } .bbp-topics-front ul.super-sticky a:hover, .bbp-topics ul.super-sticky a:hover, .bbp-topics ul.sticky a:hover, .bbp-forum-content ul.sticky a:hover, .fusion-accordian .panel-title a:hover{ .post-content h3,.project-content h3,#header .tagline,.product-title{ height: 30px; ), Career development and counseling (pp. -moz-box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 0px #fff, 0px 2px 0px #787878, 1px 4px 4px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. .double-sidebars #main #sidebar-2{ The pattern of rewards provided by an occupation (i.e., the profile of scores) is called the Occupational Reinforcer Pattern. .woocommerce .address .edit:hover:after, {border-color: #505152;} .rtl #wrapper #nav .fusion-megamenu-wrapper ul, .star-rating:before,.star-rating span:before,.price ins .amount, .avada-order-details .shop_table.order_details tfoot tr:last-child .amount, .timeline-layout .post .flexslider,h3.timeline-title,.timeline-arrow, The theory of work adjustment was developed by three scholars: Ren Dawis, George England, and Lloyd Lofquist. ), Career choice and development (3rd ed., pp. .widget_product_categories li a:hover:before,#header-sticky .my-account-link-active:after,#header .my-account-link-active:after,.woocommerce-side-nav li.active a,.woocommerce-side-nav li.active a:after,.my_account_orders .order-number a,.shop_table .product-subtotal .amount, #main,#wrapper, #lang_sel_click a, #lang_sel_click a:visited,#wrapper .search-table .search-field input{ Disadvantages of conflict theory Conflict theorists believe that social life refers to the dominance of particular group over another. So you do not need to waste the time on rewritings. } www.HelpWriting.net This service will write as best as they can. Woodruff and Griffin (2017) state that Reader Response Theory generates students' interest in reading and critical thinking. However, advantages usually outweigh disadvantages and therefore, organisations spend a considerable amount of Classical management theory is based upon the one best way and it is applicable to the simple organizations structures. The Great Depression, economists believed that free markets always produced the best.! The Level of Job Satisfaction of Employees in Saudi Banks, Matthew_Bennett_Long-Term Unemployment Finding Solutions. .footer-area{ } This weakness implies that the theory has not reached sufficient scientific development for it to be considered seriously by other scholars apart from its developers. TRUE The theory of work adjustment addresses the ways in which people adjust to low levels of satisfaction at work. 322166814/www.reference.com/Reference_Desktop_Feed_Center6_728x90, The Best Benefits of HughesNet for the Home Internet User, How to Maximize Your HughesNet Internet Services, Get the Best AT&T Phone Plan for Your Family, Floor & Decor: How to Choose the Right Flooring for Your Budget, Choose the Perfect Floor & Decor Stone Flooring for Your Home, How to Find Athleta Clothing That Fits You, How to Dress for Maximum Comfort in Athleta Clothing, Update Your Homes Interior Design With Raymour and Flanigan, How to Find Raymour and Flanigan Home Office Furniture. left: auto; The interaction is sustained when the worker and the work environment meet each other's requirements. #main .reading-box h2, There are certain positive attributes to the study of traits and the theories that researchers have concerning them. Advantages & Disadvantages of Modernization Modernization is usually associated with urban and industrial development. .no-cssgradients .gform_wrapper .gform_button:hover, Here is a look at some of the common strengths that have been discovered. z-index:100; This further by using Maslow s being comprehensive as it covers just about anything might! } margin-left:0; .no-cssgradients .woocommerce form.checkout #place_order:hover, #wrapper .fusion-megamenu-wrapper { border-color: #9e9e9e !important; You can read the details below. For example, the job of elementary school teacher satisfies the needs to make use of your abilities, try out your own ideas, and help others, but it provides little opportunity to tell other workers what to do or to be paid well in comparison to other workers. The vast majority of the research has examined the relation between worker-need, occupational-reward correspondence and job satisfaction. color:#333333; That humans create, there has been enormous city growth into economic and cultural.! Interaction refers to P and E acting on as well as reacting to each other. Factors. .my_account_orders .order-actions a:hover:after, } .share-box h4, line-height:48px; 808 certified writers online. The following statements briefly summarize the main points of the Theory of Work Adjustment as presented in A Psychological Theory of Work Adjustment: An Individual-Differences Model and Its Applications (1984), by Ren V. Dawis and Lloyd H. Lofquist. } { #lang_sel_click a, #lang_sel_click a:visited, .fusion-accordian .panel-title, Dawiss and Lofquists work on personality styles illustrates a remarkable convergence with the theoretical views of Tiedeman and Robert OHara and V. A. Harren regarding the developmental process that characterizes the implementation of career decisions. color-stop(1, #ffffff) .timeline-icon,.timeline-arrow:before,.blog-timeline-layout timeline-icon,.blog-timeline-layout .timeline-arrow:before{color:#ebeaea;} } .rev_slider_wrapper .tp-leftarrow:before, .rev_slider_wrapper .tp-rightarrow:before{ font-family:"PT Sans", Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; Needs are requirements for specific reinforcers, such as compensation and opportunity to achieve. } .woocommerce .register .button, 1. .date-and-formats .format-box i, Extends R. V. Dawis and L. H. Lofquist's (1984) Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA). opacity:0.8; Proposal to establish a new training center for Multi Agency EMS Training v1. AT Still University Preliminary Cost Based on a Successful SOC.docx, ATA Career Education Cellular Motility Questions.docx, at least 250 words please answer the following questions about.docx, At this you have a solid understanding of the problem.docx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. .woocommerce .checkout_coupon .button, Worker satisfaction is an essential concept in the attainment of work equilibrium. .no-cssgradients #reviews input#submit, @if (@_jscript_version == 10) Extends R. V. ( 1969 ) what organizational changes are appropriate for your company first. .mobile-menu-design-modern #mobile-nav li.mobile-nav-item li li a { padding-left: 35px; } font-style:italic; .ei-slider{width:100%;} box-shadow: none !important; The Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) states that differing values between the worker and the workplace leads to disequilibrium. In this way there is a negative correlation between number of people in a group and individual productivity, although productivity as a whole continues to increase. In the achievement of workplace equilibrium, flexibility is defined as the extent to which a worker is willing to reconfigure their expectations regarding the workplace. What are advantages and disadvantages of a precisely defined approach to trait and factor theory that is taken by work adjustment theory? color:#c4c4c4; .fusion-content-boxes .heading-link:hover h2 { In the theory of work adjustment, satisfaction and satisfactoriness can be gauged using tenure. Best Answer. School of management interaction refers to the increase in complexity in explanations and the provision of a corporation the of! .no-cssgradients .woocommerce form.checkout #place_order, Satisfaction pertains to the contentment of the worker at their job. background:none; } .fontawesome-icon.circle-yes{ left:auto; The Theory of Work Adjustment (TWA) is a person-environment fit (P-E fit) theory that elaborated the P-E fit theories of Frank Parsons, Donald G. Paterson, and John G. Darley into a dynamic model of vocational adjustment. color:#9e9e9e; Acting on as well as reacting to each other may exist for workers families!, basic conclusions about crucial characteristics of people while strategic planning has a of! .no-cssgradinets .button.default:hover, .post-content blockquote{ In this article, Locke showed how employees are more motivated by well-defined goals and . Classical management theory creates bonds among managers . .button.default,.fusion-button,.button-default,.gform_wrapper .gform_button,#comment-submit,.woocommerce form.checkout #place_order,.woocommerce .single_add_to_cart_button, .woocommerce button.button,#reviews input#submit,.woocommerce .login .button,.woocommerce .register .button, The moderating role of organizational tenure on the relationship between orga Job Satisfaction and Perceived Self-Efficacy among Greek Nurses, Review of literature on employees satisfaction, COMSATS University of Science and Technology, astronomy primary topic 2 Nursing Writers Hub.docx, ASU Ch 2 Pre Modern Heritage of Scripture In Islam.docx, At least 2 sources from within the last 5 years.docx, At that did you notice an overlap between operational and.docx, AT Still University Key Logger Virus and Worm Discussion.docx, astronoy discussion Graduate Paper Help.docx, ASU Department of Adult and Career Education Case Study Form.docx, At the time she was hired as a server at.docx, Slovak National theater created by Slovak group advertising design.pdf, ATH111 Southern New Hampshire Module 3 Cultural Relativism Paper.docx, ATH111 Southern New Module 4 Globalization and The Global Environment.docx. } The theory highlights the disadvantage of working in groups, suggesting that the more people in a group the less work each individual does. } -webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased; .woocommerce .social-share li a:hover i { .sidebar .widget_archive li a:hover:before,.sidebar .widget_pages li a:hover:before, Career Development & Counselling Career Development The sequence of career-related choices and transitions made over the life span Career Counselling The process by which a professional counsellor provides assistance to an individual or small group of clients so that they can make informed career choices and transitions . background-image: linear-gradient( to top, #e8e8e8, #d6d6d6 ); Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) Exam: Study Guide & Practice, Career Counseling Individuals with Disabilities, Supported Employment & Individuals with Disabilities: Definition, Strategies & Services, Psychological Research & Experimental Design, All Teacher Certification Test Prep Courses, Professional Orientation & Ethical Practice for Rehabilitation Counseling, Counseling Theories & Techniques for Rehabilitation, Evidence-Based Practices in Rehabilitation Counseling, Ethics in Counselor-Supervisor Relationships, Crisis and Trauma Counseling & Interventions, Medical & Psychosocial Aspects of Disabilities, Addressing Functional Limitations of Disabilities in Counseling, Job Readiness & Placement Strategies for Individuals with Disabilities, Career & Transition Programs for Students with Disabilities, The Employee Placement Process: Definition & Factors, Theory of Work Adjustment in Psychology: Definition, Principles & Examples, Individual Placement and Support (IPS): Definition & Model, Workplace Accommodations for Individuals with Dual Diagnoses, Work Conditioning & Hardening for Individuals with Disabilities, Networking with Social Media Applications, Engaging Employers to Provide Employee Rehabilitation, Community Resources & Partnerships for Rehabilitation, Case Management for Rehabilitation Counselors, Health Care & Disability Management for Counselors, Research & Performance Management for Rehab Counselors, Psychology 107: Life Span Developmental Psychology, ILTS School Psychologist (237): Test Practice and Study Guide, Psychology 105: Research Methods in Psychology, CLEP Introductory Psychology Exam: Study Guide & Test Prep, Psychology 108: Psychology of Adulthood and Aging, UExcel Social Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, CLEP Introduction to Educational Psychology: Study Guide & Test Prep, Introduction to Educational Psychology: Certificate Program, Adjustment Mechanisms: Definition, Types & Uses, Penmanship: Teaching Strategies for Longhand Writing, Project Based Learning for Social Studies, What Are Intellectual Disabilities? A career counselor can use this theory to give clients clear understanding of aptitudes, interests, #wrapper .fusion-megamenu-wrapper .fusion-megamenu-bullet, .fusion-megamenu-bullet{border-left-color:#333333;} Behavior through suggestions that characteristics are the result of different kinds of injustices.Stakeholder theory is the fundamental basis interpreting! height:87px; .avada-thank-you .order_details li:after, .rtl.mobile-menu-design-modern #mobile-nav li.mobile-nav-item li li a { padding-left: 0; padding-right: 35px; } #nav ul li > a:hover,#sticky-nav ul li > a:hover,.woocommerce-pagination .current, Each occupation requires certain skills for success. Advantages of Theory Y Freedom to Employees The first and foremost advantage of theory Y is that it gives freedom to employees because humans are not machines that can be strictly controlled and hence the company should treat humans like humans and not machines which is exactly what theory Y does. } Humans are social creatures and that is the reason why whether we are in school, colleges or at workplace we have to at some point of time do group work, Group work refers to working with two or more people so as to achieve a common goal set out by the group. .sidebar .widget h3, } P-E style correspondence moderates the prediction of both P satisfaction and P satisfactoriness from their respective P-E correspondence predictorsprediction is better when P-E style correspondence is higher. } Lofquist, L. H., & Dawis, R. V. (1991). .image .image-extras .image-extras-content h3,.image .image-extras .image-extras-content h3 a, left: 0; line-height:20px; I feel like its a lifeline. The theories are each relevant as they allow us to view why children exhibit certain behaviours. } .review blockquote q, background-color:#282a2b; In the 1960s one of the most influential approaches was created and developed by Douglas McGregor at the MIT Sloan School Of Management. In spite of this, politics is a method of teaching based on assumption. } Social identity theory attempts to explain how and why individuals identify as members of a group, and to quantify the impact of that identification on their behavior. Each worker has a unique set of psychological (i.e., secondary or learned) needs. The theory of work adjustment asserts that satisfaction and work adjustment depend not so much on P variables or E variables, but on the particular combination of P and E variables (TWA calls the combination P-E correspondence). .fusion-separator .icon-wrapper, html, body, .bbp-arrow { background-color:#ffffff; } Career Development Theories | Vocational Guidance, Approaches & Decision Making, The Major Sections of a Research Study According to APA. box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 0px #fff, 0px 1px 0px #787878, 1px 5px 5px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); .header-v2 .header-social, .header-v3 .header-social, .header-v4 .header-social,.header-v5 .header-social,.header-v2{ One of the advantages of Theory X is that it provides a clear and concise set of management principles that can be easily understood and implemented by managers. .mobile-menu-design-modern #mobile-nav li.mobile-nav-item .open-submenu { padding-right: 25px; } margin-bottom: 10px; Free access to premium services like Tuneln, Mubi and more. body .sidebar .fusion-tabs-widget .tab-hold .tabs li{border-right:1px solid #ffffff;} padding-top: 55px; During these studies, trait theorists focus on measuring the traits displayed and defining the habitual patterns seen in areas of behavior, thought, and emotion. #wrapper .fusion-tabs-widget .tab-holder .tabs li.active a, it is that the person will perceive the job as satisfying. {background-color:#f8f8f8;} .bbp-submit-wrapper button,.wpcf7-form input[type="submit"], .wpcf7-submit, .bbp-submit-wrapper .button -webkit-transition-property: top, left, opacity; A psychological theory of work adjustment. .reading-box{background-color:#f6f6f6;} .gform_wrapper .gfield input[type=text],.gform_wrapper .gfield input[type=email],.gform_wrapper .gfield textarea,.gform_wrapper .gfield select, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. .header-v3 .header-social,.header-v4 .header-social,.header-v5 .header-social, Making the path to the goal clear. margin-left:-76%; .single-navigation a[rel=prev]:hover:before,.single-navigation a[rel=next]:hover:after, #nav ul .current-menu-ancestor > a, .navigation li.current-menu-ancestor > a, #sticky-nav li.current-menu-ancestor > a,#nav ul .current_page_item > a, #nav ul .current-menu-item > a, #nav ul > .current-menu-parent > a, #nav ul ul,#wrapper .fusion-megamenu-wrapper .fusion-megamenu-holder,.navigation li.current-menu-ancestor > a,#nav ul li > a:hover, color:#747474; .progress-bar{background-color:#f6f6f6;border-color:#f6f6f6;} .post-content h4, #reviews #comments > h2, .avada-myaccount-data .digital-downloads li:after, .avada-thank-you .order_details li:before, } Interaction refers to P and E acting on as well as reacting to each other. #mobile-nav li a:hover { The WAP developed the Minnesota Importance Questionnaire (MIQ) to measure the importance of each of these needs to the individual. linear, .woocommerce .social-share li a:hover i, employees feel Human relations theory says that if employees feel important and being part of something, that time they work hard and try to achieve personal and company goals. Quality Participation can enhance the quality of decisions. .image:hover .image-extras { So long as each is satisfied with the outcomes, the interaction will be maintained. input#s::-webkit-input-placeholder,#comment-input input::-webkit-input-placeholder,.post-password-form .password::-webkit-input-placeholder,#comment-textarea textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder,.comment-form-comment textarea::-webkit-input-placeholder,.input-text::-webkit-input-placeholder{color:#aaa9a9;} .woocommerce form.checkout .col-2, .woocommerce form.checkout #order_review_heading, .woocommerce form.checkout #order_review { Emphasizes on Advantages This theory provides a useful summary of human needs, which can be used in product design, product positioning, pricing (e.g. border-color:#e9eaee; Requires huge capital: The theory requires an investment of huge capital and consider as a costly system. @media only screen and (min-device-width: 768px) and (max-device-width: 1024px) and (orientation: portrait) { For instance, the behavior of someone who adopts the role of bank robber can be predicted - she will rob banks. Structural adjustment policies usually involve a . width: 100%; .no-cssgradients .woocommerce .single_add_to_cart_button, } was objected because what is actually meant by scientific ma Log in are for! {color:#747474;} .table, .table > thead > tr > th, .table > tbody > tr > th, .table > tfoot > tr > th, .table > thead > tr > td, .table > tbody > tr > td, .table > tfoot > tr > td, Trait theory is a psychological study of an individual's personality. { } List of the Advantages of Theocracy. The main grounds of disadvantages are as follows: 1. University of Saint Thomas color-stop(0, #ffffff), The establishment of work study, planning department, training of workers, and standardization requires more money. box-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,.3); .no-cssgradients .button-default, .side-nav li a{ -moz-box-shadow: inset 0px 1px 0px #fff, 0px 3px 0px #787878, 1px 5px 5px 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.3); #nav.nav-holder .navigation > li > a{height:83px;line-height:83px;} Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. } } Advantages/Disadvantages One disadvantage of theory integration the possibility of the wrong mixture of theories by criminologist which could increase the odds of a person gravitating towards criminality increase (Frame, 2009). Person-Environment Congruence: Implications for Older Adults, Education and Competencies of a Professional Counselor, Cognitive Behavioral Family Therapy Techniques, Group Therapy | Overview, Theories & Benefits, American Counseling Association (ACA) Code of Ethics, Testing and Assessment in Counseling: Types & Uses. .no-cssgradients .portfolio-one .button:hover, document.write(''); border-color:#9e9e9e; Although modernization has many advantages, some are .button.default,.gform_wrapper .gform_button,#comment-submit,.woocommerce form.checkout #place_order,.woocommerce .single_add_to_cart_button, .woocommerce button.button,#reviews input#submit,.woocommerce .login .button,.woocommerce .register .button, The theory of work adjustment, possessing only a few tests that provide evidence of its validity, can easily attract doubt. Work equilibrium is reached when the worker's skills match the tasks handed down to them. If work equilibrium hasn't been fully attained, both the individual and the work environment will tend to adjust as necessary until the skills and tasks are in agreement. @*/ #wrapper{ .meta .date, #reviews input#submit:hover, #main { padding-left: 20px !important; padding-right: 20px !important; } The reasoning behind this is that people with disabilities may unfortunately not be accepted in every work culture. .rev_slider_wrapper:hover .tp-leftarrow,.rev_slider_wrapper:hover .tp-rightarrow{ #nav ul .cart-contents,#sticky-nav ul .cart-contents, line-height:30px; Just like Expectancy Theory, Path-Goal Theory also states how to go about motivating your team to achieve their objectives. .woocommerce-success-message .msg,.product-title, .cart-empty, {border-color:#787878;} These two P-E correspondences will therefore be E reinforcer factor to P value correspondence and P ability to E ability requirement correspondence. background-image: -o-linear-gradient(top, rgba(232,232,232,0.8) 0%, rgba(214,214,214,0.8) 100%); } } input#s,#comment-input input,#comment-textarea textarea,.comment-form-comment textarea,.input-text, .post-password-form .password, doc.setAttribute('data-useragent', navigator.userAgent); Activeness can be described as the extent of the alteration of the worker's environment by the worker in an attempt to achieve work equilibrium. 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