They found that the use of dietary isoflavones or supplements and extracts was associated with an improvement in hot flushes, but not with a reduction in the frequency of night sweats. The light reflected off the moon has an effect on life on Earth, which isn't surprising, but not every lunar influence is heralded by a wolf's howl. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). An official website of the United States government. Circulating isoflavone and lignan concentrations and prostate cancer risk: A meta-analysis of individual participant data from seven prospective studies including 2,828 cases and 5,593 controls. Sfakianos J., Coward L., Kirk M., Barnes S. Intestinal uptake and biliary excretion of the isoflavone genistein in rats. In contrast, it seems that isoflavones do not act on central neurotransmitters directly. The water in the ocean on the side of the Earth closest to the moon experiences a larger gravitational attraction than the water on the opposite side. Soy Consumption and the Risk of Prostate Cancer: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Study duration ranged from four weeks to two years, with a median of 12 weeks. Knowledge awaits. Dong J.Y., Qin L.Q. Taken as a whole, all these results suggest that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. They also note that the effects of isoflavones are greater when administered as aglycones. Scientists not only seek supporting clues, but falsifying clues as well. EFSA Pannel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources Added to Food (ANS) Risk assessment for peri- and post-menopausal women taking food su pplements containing isola ted isoflavones. Chang H.H., Robinson A.R., Common R.H. Excretion of radioactive diadzein and equol as monosulfates and disulfates in the urine of the laying hen. Changes to Earth's climate driven by increased human emissions of heat-trapping greenhouse gases are already having widespread effects on the environment: glaciers and ice sheets are shrinking, river and lake ice is breaking up earlier, plant and animal geographic ranges are shifting, and plants and trees are blooming sooner. Apparently, soy isoflavones modified adhesion molecules by binding to vascular endothelium and mimicking the effect of a modulator of estrogen receptors [64]. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Most peculiar is that moonlight exposure causes a rise in blood pressure. ; Project Administration, M.P.P. However, in the meta-analysis, a minor enhancement in flow-mediated dilation after soy protein supplementation was found. In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. Importantly, the soy variety, environmental conditions of the culture and the processing of soybeans notably influence their isoflavone content [18]. Lu D., Gigure V. Requirement of Ras-dependent pathways for activation of the transforming growth factor beta3 promoter by estradiol. Contrary to other types of renewable energies, such as wind and hydroelectricity, evidence on the effects of PV panels on biodiversity has been building up only fairly recently. With regard to the published meta-analysis, the studies included were restricted to randomized controlled trials. (2020) revealed that supplementation of soy isoflavones had a positive effect in reducing arterial stiffness, also known as the loss of arterial elasticity [59]. In addition, several studies have observed that the urine excretion of daidzein metabolites is notably higher than that of genistein metabolites [44,45,46]. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. The authors suggested that this difference could be due to different genetic backgrounds and dietary patterns among Asian and Western populations. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The authors found a significant inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence. In conclusion, this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play in preventing breast cancer risk. May affect males and females differently A 2015 study of 205 people found that the full moon may affect sleep differently in males and females. Hairi H.A., Shuid A.N., Ibrahim N., Jamal J.A., Mohamed N., Mohamed I.N. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. Plants grow best when the moon is in the waxing phase, when its gravitational pull is strongest. Chadha R., Bhalla Y., Jain A., Chadha K., Karan M. Dietary Soy Isoflavone: A Mechanistic Insight. 1Nutrition and Obesity Group, Department of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and Lucio Lascaray Research Institute, 01006 Vitoria, Spain; [email protected] (S.G.-Z. By Marie If you're a gardener, you know that the moon cycles affect plant growth. (2016) suggested that a daily intake of soy isoflavones, ranging from 20 to 100 mg/day, reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, as well as some markers of oxidative stress (nitric oxide and malonaldehyde), thus reducing cardiovascular risk [52]. Abdi F., Alimoradi Z., Haqi P., Mahdizad F. Effects of phytoestrogens on bone mineral density during the menopause transition: A systematic review of randomized, controlled trials. Presence of four chemical forms of the three isoflavones found in soybeans. Akhlaghi M., Ghasemi Nasab M., Riasatian M., Sadeghi F. Soy isoflavones prevent bone resorption and loss, a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Although results vary greatly, most of these applications are supported by at least a few clinical studies. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Two of the studies also revealed that women who were able to produce equol or who had received equol supplementation could have had a greater benefit from isoflavones [53]. Inverse association between isoflavone consumption and colorectal cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. [12,42]. That aluminum may be harmful to plants as well as animals. Dietary polyphenol intake in Europe: The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Specifically, the time to achieve half of the efficacy was 11.6 weeks for soy isoflavones, while for the rest of the compounds, the onset time was near 0 weeks. Their meta-analysis included five studies with a total of 728 menopausal women between 50.5 and 58.5 years old and concluded that women who are not able to produce equol could benefit from equol supplementation. Prez-Cornago et al. Isoflavone intake in four different European countries: The VENUS approach. For their meta-analysis, Jiang et al. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. However, the authors stated that they could not reach definitive conclusions due to, among other reasons, the lack of inclusion in the review of randomized controlled clinical trials focused on the treatment of osteoporosis in early menopause. Among these, vasomotor symptoms comprising hot flushes and night sweats are the most common and bothersome, which, in turn, have a negative impact on womens quality of life. On the contrary, women who were already equol producers did not obtain any additional benefit from supplements of equol or isoflavones. These two associations were significant for postmenopausal participants. . Moreover, even though the binding affinity of isoflavones to the ER receptors is less than that of 17-estradiol, they can also act as estrogenic compounds when the endogenous estradiol is not available [8]. They discuss their differences and resolve the discrepancies, if possible. Phytoestrogen Metabolism by Adult Human Gut Microbiota. After this, each metabolite undergoes its own metabolic pathway [40]. In general terms, it has been observed that in Asian countries where there is high consumption of soy and its derived foodstuffs, isoflavone intake is high, ranging from 15 to 60 mg/day [20,21], whereas, in western countries, it is notably lower, around 12 mg/day [22,23,24]. Ten studies reported a significant reduction in hot flush frequency in the phytoestrogen group when compared with the placebo group. Micek A., Godos J., Brzostek T., Gniadek A., Favari C., Mena P., Libra M., Del Rio D., Galvano F., Grosso G. Dietary phytoestrogens and biomarkers of their intake in relation to cancer survival and recurrence: A comprehensive systematic review with meta-analysis. Rienks J., Barbaresko J., Nthlings U. The light of the moon also influences animals that are active in daytime. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. The four chemical forms of the three most abundant isoflavones. Some gardening folklore suggests that planting crops according to the phases of the moon will give you a better harvest, but there is little scientific evidence to back this up. Our findings illustrate that foraging rodents, well known to be risk-averse during moonlit nights, are also affected by the presence of an invasive plant. Additionally, Yan and co-workers, in their meta-analysis with a total of ten prospective cohorts and seven case-control studies (including 508,841 participants and 17,269 cardiovascular disease events), observed that the consumption of soy foods, but not that of isoflavones, was associated with a lower risk of total cardiovascular disease (including coronary heart disease and stroke) [57]. The enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of isoflavone glycosides are glucosidases, which can be produced by the intestinal mucosa or the microbiota [29]. Opposite effect in Asian women, Prospective studies (3) Case-control studies (5), Isoflavone consumption (>45 mg/day among the Asian population, and >1 mg/day among the non-Asian population), Potential reduction risk associated with isoflavone consumption, Prospective cohort study (5) Case-control study (7), Cohort prospective study (2 studies from Japan and 5 studies from Europe), 241 cases and 503 controls (from Japanese studies), and 2828 cases and 5593 controls (from European studies), Circulating isoflavone concentrations (nmol/L): Daidzein (Japanese: 115166; European: 2.843.96), Genistein, daidzein and equol did not affect prostate cancer risk in both Japanese and European men, Case-control study (15) Cohort study (8) Nested case-control study (7), 266,699 (21,612 patients with prostate cancer), Isoflavones were not associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk, Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose not defined), 19% reduction in prostate cancer risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not with genistein or equol, Participants: 11,346 cases and 140,177 controls, Daidzein and genistein intakes were associated with a reduction of prostate cancer risk (no effect with equol), 559,486 (among them 16,917 colorectal cancer cases), Foods rich in isoflavones (dose not defined), Soy foods (30 mg/day170 g/day) and isoflavones (0.01460 mg/day). Soy isoflavones consumption and risk of breast cancer incidence or recurrence: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. The authors indicated that high concentrations of daidzein and genistein (no specific values concerning these concentrations were available) were related to 34% and 28% reduction in breast cancer risk, respectively, whereas no association with equol was found. Effects of isoflavones in cardiovascular disease-related markers. (2018), 30 articles were included for analysis; 15 of them were case-control studies, eight cohort studies and seven nested case-control studies [76]. Juglans regia L. is a traditional plant that has been integrated into traditional medicine since ancient times. THE effect of light on plant life has been the subject of many scientific investigations. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. Acid rain leaches aluminum from the soil. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. The authors declare no conflict of interest. With regard to the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to reduce cancer risk, it has been suggested that the effects are due to the similarity of the isoflavone molecule to estradiol. Mechanistic Insight the risk of breast cancer risk in case-control studies, but not in cohort studies Mohamed., this study reported some evidence that suggests the beneficial role that daidzein and genistein play preventing. 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