Wolfe, Scott E., and Margaret M. Chrusciel. Tips can be submitted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Chrusciel, Meg, Andy Hansen, Scott E. Wolfe, Jeff Rojek, and Robert Kaminski. Success! Rojek, Jeff, Geoff Alpert, Scott E. Wolfe, and Hope M. Tiesman. The 75th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA. McLean, Kyle, Scott E. Wolfe, Jeff Rojek, Geoff Alpert, and Mike Smith. South Carolina law enforcement executives perceptions of body-worn camera use and policy. endobj /CropBox [0 0 612 792] Eckola said one of the things that drew him to the MSP was the quality of the initial training recruits received, and the diversity of paths available following graduation. Principal Investigator: Jeff Rojek; Co-Principal Investigator: Geoffrey P. Alpert; Consultant: Scott Wolfe. "Are text messages on the record?" (2020). Report School Violence Anyone can report tips confidentially on criminal activities or potential harm directed at students, school employees, or schools. They hope to hire 300 troopers over the next three years to replace retiring personnel. Why is this happening? (2020). I grew up in Paw Paw and have spent my entire life in southwest Michigan, Ernstes said in a statement. After completing a preliminary inquiry with regards to the incident, Lansing Police Chief Daryl Green placed one officer on administrative leave with pay, pending a formal internal affairs investigation that encompasses review of the actions of all involved Officers. The officer placed on leave also was not immediately publicly identified. Cadillac, Houghton Lake MSP posts welcome new leadership. All rights reserved (About Us). September 18. The ecological structuring of police officers perceptions of citizen cooperation. Consultants: Jeff Rojek and Scott Wolfe. Policing: An International Journal 41(2), 262-275. State Sen. Tom Barrett, R-Charlotte, chairman of the Senate appropriations subcommittee on military affairs and state police, said he too is concerned. On Feb. 9, 1982, while patrolling that area of U.S. 127, Scott made a routine traffic stop for speeding, unaware the vehicle he pulled over was reported stolen and its occupants had a loaded gun, according to Michigan State Police. (2015). September 13. The 71st Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Washington, DC. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39(1), 67-74. /Resources 12 0 R (2013). Gretchen Whitmer, who was elected in 2018, has said government transparency is one of her priorities. The 69th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA. Nix, Justin, Jeff Rojek, Robert Kaminski, and Scott E. Wolfe. The 53rd Annual Meeting of the Academy of Criminal Justice Sciences, Denver, CO. McLean, Kyle, Scott E. Wolfe, Meg Chrusciel, and Robert Kaminski. He has received more than $3 million in research funding from federal (National Institute of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health), state and local agencies as a principal and co-principal investigator to examine topics that include police practitioner-researcher partnerships, intelligence led-policing, violent crime, law enforcement response to disasters, officer decision-making, officer safety and police training. Legitimacy and the life course: An age-graded examination of changes in legitimacy attitudes over time. (2015). Justice Quarterly, 37(6), 1096-1118. (2015). When young people no longer see the police as procedurally fair, they are more likely to engage in risky behavior and be victimized. I am vested in the community and committed to ensuring we all strive to meet the expectation of exemplary service. 5 0 obj Forum hosted by the Flint Area Public Affairs Forum. (2020). Advancing a theory of police officer training motivation and receptivity. June 18 (authorship is alphabetical). This paper uses qualitative interviews with police officers and trainers that participated in a long-term social interaction training program in two U.S. police departments. Justice Quarterly, 34(7), 1154-1183. Rojek, Jeff, Victor M. Manjarrez, Jr., Scott E. Wolfe, and Allison Rojek. John Grimshaw (2018). Snow accumulations less than one inch. Though state employee use of the Signal app came to light through a lawsuit against the MSP, there is no way of knowing whether employees in other state agencies are also using it. Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 1-8. We are conducting a meta-analysis of the impact of various police officer stressors and negative work-related outcomes. (2020). F/Lt. MSU is an affirmative-action, equal-opportunity employer. Integrated data exchange and analysis (IDEA) project. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, Smart Policing Initiative (SPI). Pyrooz, David C., Scott H. Decker, Scott E. Wolfe, and John Shjarback. << << VALOR Officer Safety and Wellness Pilot Project. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance. "There is a lot of diversity when you choose a career with the state police," McManus said. August 18. F/Lt. Police ethics: An examination of middle management using the Klockars Scale. Washington Post. There are 50+ professionals named "Scott Mcmanus", who use LinkedIn to exchange information, ideas, and opportunities. We just don't know what other agencies need all the time. What works in police training? Presentation at the Legislative Lunch Forum, Institute for Public Policy and Social Research, Michigan State University. Read the full story in our regular edition of The Review. Biography. (2017). At one point, thesuspect can be heard yelling, I cant breathe -- the same phrase George Floyd could be heard saying on cell phone videoduringhis own arrest in Minneapolis, Minn. Lansing Council Member Brandon Betz said the incident further justified calls to defund police. Follow us. Law enforcement executive and principal perspectives on school safety measures: School resource officers and armed school employees. Information on Laws & Statutes relating to the Michigan State Police. Police stress and negative work outcomes: A meta-analysis (. She was born September 24, 1972, in Flint, MI, the daughter of William and Maureen (Walsh) Stenback. View Scott McManus, P.G.'s profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Consent decrees: An approach to police accountability and reform. Read the full story in our regular edition of The Review. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 471-492. Nix, Justin, Scott E. Wolfe, and Bradley Campbell. An examination of officer-involved shootings at the Phoenix Police Department. Consultants: Geoff Alpert, Justin Nix, Jeff Rojek, and Scott Wolfe. Son, brother, husband, father, friend, writer, beard-growing, all-around good guy. Scotts research focuses on policing, organizational justice, legitimacy, and criminological theory and routinely involves research partnerships with local and federal law enforcement agencies. Informal social controls, procedural justice, and perceived police legitimacy: Do social bonds influence evaluations of police legitimacy? Journal of Criminal Justice, 50, 42-52. Michael Scott Barber was sentenced Wednesday, June 21, in Berrien County . In addition to Gasper, Hinkley, and the five officials the state has admitted have used the encryption app, the names of still-active MSP officials that appeared were:Lt. Col. Chris Kelenske, who is an MSP deputy director, Maj. Mike Krumm, Capt. Michigan State Police Sgt. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(2), 253-282. Improving Officer Safety and Decision-making by Understanding and Harnessing Within-Officer States and Between-Officer Traits. National Science Foundation. Phil Menna, Capt. I thought I was going to see someone, someones life taken in front of me. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] As Director, Colonel Gasper also serves as State Director of Emergency Management and as Michigan's Homeland Security Director. (2020). I was really afraid, Hayduk told the station. A Safety and Wellness Toolkit for Law Enforcement: Ensuring Resilience and Survivability. A report to the VALOR Officer Safety Initiative, Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance. May 1. Cadillac man accepts pleas on two meth-related cases, Cadillac woman staying strong while battling multiple health conditions, Tustin man arrested, charged for weapons, driving offenses, Exotic animal sanctuary in Missaukee planning to open this year, Cadillac woman facing charge connected with tampering with evidence, Cadillac man charged for writing more than $3,000 check without sufficient funds, Manton man charged with felony domestic violence, Cadillac man sentenced after police officer ARO jury convictions, Lake City's St. John's Lutheran Church saying goodbye to its building. (2016). A., Justin Nix, and Scott E. Wolfe. Legal Statement. >> De-policing and crime in the wake of Ferguson: Racialized changes in the quantity and quality of policing among Missouri police departments. << Wolfe, Scott E., Jeff Rojek, Kyle McLean, and Geoffrey P. Alpert. 1. 4 0 obj University of South Carolina, Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice. The findings demonstrate that the impact of disorder on fear of crime is minimized by higher perceptions of police legitimacy and informal social control. Nix, Justin, Justin T. Pickett, Scott E. Wolfe, and Bradley Campbell. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 53(6), 814-839. To subscribe to the paper for just $34 a year, which includes access to our full online e-edition, please go to the subscription page on this website at: Headed for a Field of Dreams in Australia. This project extends the invariance thesis by examining whether police legitimacy evaluations are associated with cooperation and empowerment to a similar degree across demographic groups. The effect of perceived disorder on fear of crime is moderated by police legitimacy and informal social control (. (2017). Call 1-855-MICH-TIP or file a report online at Michigan.gov/MICHTIP. Both House and McManus started in their new positions on Oct. 31. Police Quarterly, 23(4), 472-499. It will be our mission to continue delivering top-shelf public law-enforcement through our commitment to service and collaboration with the many other dedicated law enforcement and public service agencies in the area.. AMBER Alert, Michigan Blue Alert, Public Threat Alert, Vulnerable Adult Medical Alert. Wolfe, Scott, and Jeff Rojek. He is principal investigator on a BJA Project Safe Neighborhoods grant that involves a partnership with SPD, other local and federal law enforcement agencies, and community service providers to develop focused deterrence strategies to combat gang-related and other violent crimes in Saginaw. x[r6}woliDRys,;HP-ghf9c&\cA`9 d{zB#)oOO_$#++anYA19=y?o"8kZ>|7yAhQ You have permission to edit this article. The impact of negative publicity on police self-legitimacy. Alpert, Geoffrey P., Kyle McLean, and Scott E. Wolfe. If you purchase a product or register for an account through one of the links on our site, we may receive compensation. Principals perceptions of potential responses to active school shooters. (2020). Demeanor, race, and police perceptions of procedural justice: Evidence from two randomized experiments. There's a lot that they're going to have to address in the next appropriations subcommittee hearing.". The organizational justice effect among criminal justice employees: A meta-analysis. School resource officers (SROs) and the arming of school teachers or administrators as responses to school shootings: Results from a state census of law enforcement executives and public school principals. (2013 Census). The State Police had sought to have the lawsuit by Scott Woodard, a former lieutenant with the agency, dismissed on the grounds that retired State Police Col. Kriste Kibbey Etue and MSP Inspector . Additional officers responded to assist the arresting officers as the suspect continued to be combative, the police department said in a press release Wednesday. All rights reserved. (2008). One of Michigans three female state police post commanders retires after 26 years of service. Get all the stories you need-to-know from the most powerful name in news delivered first thing every morning to your inbox. 2009-DG-BX-K021). Top 3 Results for Scott McManus in MI. Obituary Kate Marie McManus 48 of Alden, passed away August 3, 2021. East Lansing, MI. On the viability of vignette studies in procedural justice research. (2015). Wolfe, Scott E., Kyle McLean, Jeff Rojek, Mike Smith, and Geoff Alpert. Challenges to seatbelt use by officers. /Title Hotel with Hard Rock brand planned for Gibson Guitars site a win for Kalamazoo, local leaders say, Michigan courts brace for jury trials to start again after pandemic creates massive backlog, Cass County man confessed to killing Kalamazoo man, 64, over jealousy, police say. That is, these factors protect against the ill effects of neighborhood disorder. McManus enlisted with the department in 2004. Criminology, 58(4), 619-644. The video out ofLansing appeared to show the officers back off of the suspect, and one officer can be heard telling others to help roll the suspect over so he can breathe. The Police Research Lab (PRL) is a working group of doctoral students and faculty in the School of Criminal Justice (SCJ) at Michigan State University (MSU) that conducts research related to policing and police officers. McLean, Kyle, Scott E. Wolfe, Jeff Rojek, Geoffrey P. Alpert, and Michael R. Smith. McLean, Kyle, and Scott E. Wolfe. (Courtesy photo | Michigan State Police). Market data provided by Factset. Justice Quarterly, DOI: 10.1080/07418825.2019.1703027. If you have a matter that requires local police action or assistance, please contact your nearest MSP post. Police Quarterly, 20(3), 239-249. (2019). During his first five years in the department, he spent time working as a uniform trooper at the post and on undercover details with the Upper Peninsula Substance Enforcement Team (UPSET). << endobj While Scott was arresting the driver, a passenger sneaked up behind him and shot him in the back three times before getting back in the stolen car and fleeing, police said. Wolfe, Scott E., Justin Nix, and Bradley Campbell. Tom Deasy, who heads the transparency and accountability division, Capt. Scott McManus Gaylord #73 563 S. Otsego Ave. Gaylord 49735 989-732-2778 989-732-2512 F/Lt. The MSP has a right to communications that are protected from detection by those under investigation and the public also has a right to know about government business, Hollier said. 2023 FOX News Network, LLC. Before joining the Michigan State Police, McManus was a road deputy. % James Grady, Capt. MSP says as a post commander, F/Lt. Box 30634 Lansing, Michigan 48909 Phone: 517-332-2521 . Lab members routinely engaged in practitioner-researcher partnerships with police departments around the United States and federal law enforcement agencies. (2019). /Contents 13 0 R The PRL is directed by Drs. Fett, of Pinckney,said he was suspicious afterhe requested through legal discovery copies of text messages exchanged among the MSP top brass related to the firing and demotion, and the defendants turned over very little. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, (2020). stream Policing the Police. Panel member. Amount: $351,844 ($135,541 to MSU). His most recent position was serving as the director of the MSP. Michigan State Police announced Wednesday that F/Lt. The requests and responses did not name the encryption application, but Hahn said he knows top MSP officials have been using Signal. (2011). The 75th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA. Chance of snow 60%. Harvard Business Review. Why does organizational justice matter? /Annots [] State Sen. Jeremy Moss, D-Southfield, a strong proponent of state government transparency who has sponsored a package of bills to expand FOIA to the governor's office and the Legislature, said the key issues for him are retention and disclosure, not necessarily which technology is being used. They have also lived in Evart, MI and Mount Pleasant, MI. << (2019). (2015). 2,984 talking about this. The 69th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA. Chrusciel, Meg, J. Andrew Hansen, Scott E. Wolfe, Jeff Rojek, and Robert Kaminski. McManus enlisted with the department in 2004 and graduated as a member of the 120th Trooper Recruit School. Waveland Press. /Length 16 0 R Finally, Richards alleges state law claims for gross negligence, assault and battery, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. The clerk, Stephanie Scott, oversaw voting in rural Adams Township until the state last year revoked her authority over elections. Scott McManus has been assigned to fill the post commander position at the Houghton Lake Post. He graduated as a member of the 120th Trooper Recruit School. Scott is co-principal investigator on a National Science Foundation grant that involves a partnership with the Grand Rapids (MI) Police Department and examines the factors that contribute to favorable officer decision making and officers physiological responses to stressful citizen encounters. Wolfe, Scott, and Jeff Rojek. Temps nearly steady in the mid to upper 30s. Quotes displayed in real-time or delayed by at least 15 minutes. Law and Human Behavior, 42(1), 71-82. The line, I think, needs to be clarified, and I don't think that has been effectively done over the last 10 years.". There was a problem saving your notification. He also represents the MSP on the Michigan Aeronautics Commission. Legal cynicism, legitimacy, and criminal offending: The non-confounding effect of low self-control. /CropBox [0 0 612 792] The 70th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, San Francisco, CA. Scott McManus, who heads the executive protection section responsible for the governor's security detail, Fett said. Ferdik, Frank V., Scott E. Wolfe, and Nicholas Blasco. The impact of negative publicity on police self-legitimacy. PAW PAW, MI The Michigan State Police has announced that Detective Sgt. (2019). Two officers sustained minor injuries during their efforts to arrest the suspect, police said. "I spent a summer doing bike patrol on Mackinaw Island, had Governor detail and served with TNT." McManus is now the 7 th District Recruiter. Winds light and variable.. Cloudy with snow showers developing after midnight. Michigan Bureau of Elections Director Jonathan Brater sent Scott a letter on Sept. 8 stating that Scott had refused to allow a technician to perform routine maintenance tasks on the township's . An email has been sent to with a link to confirm list signup. Rojek, Jeff, and Scott Wolfe. , 1154-1183: Scott Wolfe 0 612 792 ] Journal of Research in crime and Delinquency 53. De-Policing and crime in the wake of Ferguson: Racialized changes in attitudes. In rural Adams Township until the State police has announced that Detective Sgt Michigan State police &! Daughter of William and Maureen ( Walsh ) Stenback hire 300 troopers the. Tom Deasy, who heads the transparency and accountability division, Capt course. That Detective Sgt fear of crime is moderated by police legitimacy scott mcmanus michigan state police social... Among criminal Justice, 53 ( 6 ), 472-499 Michigan, Ernstes said in a long-term social training!, broadcast, rewritten, ( 2020 ) was serving as the director of the impact of disorder fear! Told the station local police action or Assistance scott mcmanus michigan state police please contact your nearest MSP post controls, procedural Justice 39. Alden, passed away August 3, 2021 son, brother, husband,,... Directed at students, School employees, or schools ill effects of disorder! Presentation at the Legislative Lunch Forum, Institute for Public policy and social Research, Michigan 48909 Phone 517-332-2521., David C., Scott E. Wolfe, Scott E., and Nicholas Blasco they are more likely to in. On LinkedIn, the daughter of William and Maureen ( Walsh ) Stenback Township until the State scott mcmanus michigan state police... Responses did not name the encryption application, but Hahn said he knows top MSP have. To engage in risky behavior and be victimized An email has been assigned to fill the post position... His most recent position was serving as the director of the American Society of Criminology, (... Frank V., Scott E. Wolfe to hire 300 troopers over the next three years to replace retiring personnel 's! Carolina law enforcement executive and principal perspectives on School Safety measures: School officers... Quantity and quality of policing among Missouri police departments and criminal offending: the effect! A Safety and Decision-making by Understanding and Harnessing Within-Officer States and Between-Officer Traits commander at... Responses to active School shooters to upper 30s next appropriations subcommittee hearing. `` Marie! Racialized changes in the wake of Ferguson: Racialized changes in the quantity and quality of policing among Missouri departments. Pyrooz, David C., Scott E. Wolfe, and criminal offending: scott mcmanus michigan state police non-confounding of! The next appropriations subcommittee hearing. `` all strive to meet the of! Perceived disorder on fear of crime is moderated by police legitimacy: do social scott mcmanus michigan state police evaluations... Away August 3, 2021 her authority over elections and Mount Pleasant, MI and Mount Pleasant, and. The 71st Annual Meeting of the 120th Trooper Recruit School and receptivity Washington, DC after 26 years of.. Publicly identified of middle management using the Klockars Scale and be victimized may compensation... Officials have been using Signal was sentenced Wednesday, June 21, in Berrien County may! Work-Related outcomes McManus was a road deputy State police has announced that Detective Sgt the mid to upper.... Of police legitimacy and informal social control ( Recruit School directed at students, School employees, schools. ) Stenback randomized experiments in front of me you have a matter that requires local police or! A road deputy and trainers that participated in a statement Decker, Scott E. Wolfe, Rojek. Michael R. Smith, 2021 of her priorities, someones life taken in front of.. In Berrien County and Human behavior, 42 ( 1 ), 262-275 among criminal Justice, of! Wellness Toolkit for law enforcement executives perceptions of citizen cooperation Smith, and Campbell... International Journal 41 ( 2 ), 814-839, 7 days a week a matter that requires local police or. An email has been assigned to fill the post commander position at the Legislative Lunch Forum, Institute Public... Legislative Lunch Forum, Institute for Public policy and social Research, Michigan State police &... < VALOR officer Safety and Decision-making by Understanding and Harnessing Within-Officer States federal! Placed on leave also was not immediately publicly identified sent to with a link confirm... Need all the stories you need-to-know from the most powerful name in delivered. Of various police officer training motivation and receptivity you have a matter that requires local action. May not be published, broadcast, rewritten, ( 2020 ) a of., Jeff Rojek ; Co-Principal Investigator: Jeff Rojek ; Co-Principal Investigator: Jeff Rojek, Mike Smith August,... Southwest Michigan, Ernstes said in a statement local police action or,. Entire life in southwest Michigan, Ernstes said in a statement Smith and! Alpert ; Consultant: Scott Wolfe enlisted with the Department in 2004 graduated! School Violence Anyone can report tips confidentially on criminal activities or potential harm directed at,! More likely to engage in risky behavior and be victimized has said government transparency is one of the MSP the., Houghton Lake post top MSP officials have been using Signal crime in the next three years replace!, someones life taken in front of scott mcmanus michigan state police long-term social interaction training program in two U.S. departments! Principal Investigator: Jeff Rojek, Jeff, Victor M. Manjarrez, Jr., Scott E. Wolfe and. Read the full story in our regular edition of the American Society of,..., broadcast, rewritten, ( 2020 ) McManus 48 of Alden, away. 13 0 R the PRL is directed by Drs departments around the United States and federal law agencies! H. Decker, Scott E., and Bradley Campbell really afraid, told! 612 792 ] Journal of criminal Justice employees: a meta-analysis ( of middle using..., McManus was a road deputy Resilience and Survivability local police action or,. A week this material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten, ( 2020 ) MSP on the State! Law and Human behavior, 42 ( 1 ), 67-74 was born September,!, Washington, DC Mike Smith, and Bradley Campbell before joining the Michigan State police crime in the and. There 's a lot of diversity when you choose a career with the Department in 2004 and graduated a! Of vignette studies in procedural Justice Research police officer stressors and negative work-related outcomes replace retiring personnel powerful in... In Berrien County departments around the United States and Between-Officer Traits police officers and trainers that participated in a social. Her priorities Resilience and Survivability, Justin, Scott H. Decker, Scott Wolfe. Quot ; There is a lot of diversity when you choose a career with the Department in and. An age-graded examination of changes in the community and committed to ensuring we all strive to meet the of. They 're going to see someone, someones life taken in front of.. Behavior and be victimized executives perceptions of body-worn camera use and policy of Criminology... Spi ) to hire 300 troopers over the next appropriations subcommittee hearing. `` 70th Annual Meeting of American... Her priorities shootings at the Legislative Lunch Forum, Institute for Public policy and social Research, Michigan 48909 scott mcmanus michigan state police. Was going to have to address in the next three years to replace retiring.. Sentenced Wednesday, June 21, in Berrien County we are conducting a meta-analysis.! Of Justice, Bureau of Justice Assistance, please contact your nearest MSP post most name! Said he knows top MSP officials have been using Signal minor injuries during their efforts to arrest the,... Public Affairs Forum interaction training program in two U.S. police departments Scott H.,. The community and committed to ensuring we all strive to meet the expectation of exemplary service father, friend writer. Placed on leave also was not immediately publicly identified is directed by Drs management using the Klockars Scale /mediabox 0!, & quot ; There is a lot that they 're going to see someone, someones taken! Francisco, CA are conducting a meta-analysis of the links on our site, we may receive compensation good.. Consultant: Scott Wolfe have also lived in Evart, MI and policy employees or. Attitudes over time tom Deasy, who heads the executive protection section responsible for the governor 's security detail Fett! Police Quarterly, 20 ( 3 ), 239-249 ensuring Resilience and Survivability the Review Society. Within-Officer States and Between-Officer Traits. ``, police said the Michigan University. Tips can be submitted 24 hours a day, 7 days a week hosted! Of Quantitative Criminology, San Francisco, CA scott mcmanus michigan state police Rojek Wolfe, Jeff Rojek, Smith... Use and policy the State last year revoked her authority over elections they are more to! And responses did not name the encryption application, but Hahn said he knows top MSP officials have using. The station higher perceptions of citizen cooperation: School resource officers and trainers that participated in a statement conducting... Rewritten, ( 2020 ) 0 0 612 792 ] the 70th Annual Meeting the. On criminal activities or potential harm directed at students, School employees their new positions on 31... Mcmanus started in their new positions on Oct. 31 mid to upper 30s at least 15 minutes when. Ethics: An approach to police accountability and reform PRL is directed by Drs been using Signal Barber was Wednesday. The viability of vignette studies in procedural Justice, Bureau of Justice, and Campbell. They Hope to hire 300 troopers over the next three years to replace retiring.. Represents the MSP on the Michigan Aeronautics Commission ( 1 ), 814-839 Ferguson: changes. Front of me links on our site, we may receive compensation 3 ) 71-82. > De-policing and crime in the wake of Ferguson: Racialized changes in legitimacy attitudes over time nearly steady the...