Symmetrical cross-cousin marriage is somewhat more likely when economic transactions at marriage (such as bride price or dowry) are absent. magic A greater importance placed on inheritable property (Rosenblatt and Unangst 1974). But if arranged marriage was the ancestral form, what predicts variation in more recent times? Community exogamy/endogamy. in societies that both lack polygyny and have high levels of social stratification (Gaulin and Boster 1990). Family lineage is the only exception to their contrast. If a society insists on monogamy even with a serious shortage of marriageable men, it will have many unmarried women. Moreover, the person who controls fewer assets in the marriage is more likely to have their participation predicated on arrangement (Hull 1989). First, there is a double standard, with more tolerance of premarital and extramarital sex for men than for women. This practice ensures the strength of the familial bond amongst the entire language group (not allowing any individual skin group to get too strong or too isolated from the others). dowry This restriction is prevalent in the Munda and other tribes of Chhota Nagpur of Madhya Pradesh. Hoben, Ashley D., Abraham P. Buunk, and Maryanne L. Fisher. 2) Subsiding of romantic love. Polyandry has two variations: formal and informal. The most common pattern is allowing marriage both within and outside the community. Evolutionary theories are based on the general principle that certain traits or behaviors in particular environments may give groups or individuals some reproductive advantages over others if these traits or behaviors are passed onto offspring, either through genetic transmission or through social learning. Exogamous marriage or exogamy is the custom of marrying outside a specified group of people to which a person belongs. This was especially important in times of war or conflict, when such alliances could mean the difference between life and death. Why? J. F. McLennan[8] holds that exogamy was due originally to a scarcity of women among small bands. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Why? [2][3] In native populations, exogamy might be detrimental if "the benefits of local adaptation are greater than the cost of inbreeding." Tropical environments with room for expansion, particularly for general polygyny (Low 1990; White and Burton 1988). In societies with unilineal descent, the levirate (the custom by which a wife is married to and cared for by a deceased husbands brother or other close relative) is associated with lower divorce rates. But as already discussed, sharing can be accomplished in other ways. Starkweather, Katherine E., and Raymond Hames. Edvard Westermarck said an aversion to marriage between blood relatives or near kin emerged with a parental deterrence of incest. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Why? Apostolou points out that many societies with arranged marriage also more closely chaperone their children and maintain separation of the sexes, reducing contact between younger men and women before marriage. Does this theory suggest any advantage for a woman to marry polygynously? These problems relate to the division of labor by gender, a very long infant dependency, and sexual competition, but each of them have logical flaws (C. R. Ember, Ember, and Peregrine 2019). Lee, Gary R., and Lorene Hemhill Stone. Are there structural factors that can help us account for varying divorce rates? A sex-ratio favoring females can also be created by having older men marry much younger women (M. Ember 1984). In the Nayar case, men were typically engaged in soldiering; in the Na case, men organized caravans for long-distance trade. More socially complex societies, such as those with large communities and more political hierarchy, are more likely to permit first cousin marriage (M. Ember 1975). Rosenblatt and Hillabrant (1972) find that societies that do not allow childlessness to be an acceptable reason for divorce are more likely to be lenient with regard to the commission of adultery. Hunter-gatherers in recent times overwhelmingly have arranged marriage (Apostolou 2007), strongly suggesting that it was probably the ancestral pattern in human history (Apostolou 2014). The opposite of exogamy is endogamyor the practice of marrying from within one's social unit. But more importantly, two women are likely to have twice as many mouths to feed and care for. This theory may explain why most bird species have bonding. See more. This has made exogamy more common than ever before. Human Relations Area Files, Inc. (HRAF) is an internationally recognized organization in the field of cultural anthropology. Research has found that. Families are essential for human development. Therefore, reproductively speaking, it is to a mans advantage to marry multiple unrelated women. None of these traits are conducive to reasoned discussion, peaceful settlements of disputes, and agreement to disagree, which are critical to democracy. As part of defensive masculinity, women are often derogated. If one person has a faulty gene, breeding outside his group increases the chances that his partner will have another functional type gene and their child may not suffer the defect. In such a situation it becomes interesting to differentiate between the close kin and the descent or lineage. In the past, individuals were largely limited to marrying someone from their immediate community. in bilateral societies, the greater the likelihood that marriage takes place within the community, as opposed to marrying outside the community, the lower the divorce rate. A prohibition on whom one can and cannot marry or engage in sexual relations based on kinship. Women feel unhappy because of no prior understanding with the members of that family. What is exogamy? document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Ancient Maya A socially approved sexual and economic union, presumed to be more or less permanent, entailing rights and obligations between the married couple and any children they might have. It is one of the most common marriage practices in the world, and it has been observed in societies all over the globe, The word exogamy comes from the Greek words exo-, meaning outside, and -gamy, meaning marriage.. Endogamy and exogamy are the two main rules that condition marital choice. Why? 2000. Corrections? See: formal polyandry and informal polyandry. Regions with high incidence of endemic pathogen stress are more likely to have cousin marriage (Hoben, Buunk, and Fisher 2016). One economic theory focuses on how much women contribute to subsistence. There are a variety of theories about what particular problems make marriage adaptive. Unless people can marry within their kin group, which is usually not commonly allowed in unilineal societies, none of the cousins on your mothers side will be in your patrilineal kin group. Being able to engage in sex prior to marriage combined with the ability to choose a partner presumably enhances the likelihood that marriage partners will be compatible and ultimately happier together. "[6] In French populations, people who reproduce with their first cousin develop cystinosis at a greater rate than the general population.[7]. Strengthen bonds between large communities by creating familial bonds by marriage. low emphasis on love as a basis for marriage (Hull 1989). And, if a man marries two or more unrelated women (nonsororal polygyny), he will increase the genetic variability of his offspring even further. a sex-ratio in favor of males is associated with appreciable amounts of polyandry. As discussed in the sexuality and adolescence modules, research suggests that in these situations there is a greater likelihood that boys will have conflict about their gender identity and hence will exhibit more defensive masculine behavior as they grow up. But why polygyny? Why? While such tests cannot be conducted without variation to study, behavior in other animal species may shed light on these theories. systems of exchange, Consanguinity The State of being related to someone by descent from a common ancestor, Assimilation How Minority Groups become part of the Dominant Culture. Co-wives tend to live in separate dwellings or residences, especially with nonsororal polygyny (Whiting and Whiting 1975). If societies with more complex marriage celebrations are more invested in marriage, it stands to reason that they may be more likely to incorporate economic transactions into the union. Caste system: a social stratification system in which people are divided into distinct social groups based on their hereditary status. In India the inter caste marriages are not socially approved and discouraged hitter . These groups live in paired kinship groups called moiety (two relatively even groups of people that marry each other). Before turning to tests of theories about why societies have polygyny rather than monogamy, lets look at some conditions that are generally associated with polygyny. residence Its like a teacher waved a magic wand and did the work for me. They call these instances non-classical polyandry. Biological exogamy is marriage of non blood-related beings, regulated by forms of incest law. Quinlan and Quinlan (2007) suggest that If the presence of both a husband and a wife is not critical for raising a child, staying in an unwanted marriage is not as necessary for successful child-rearing. If a mother has to leave her hatchlings in a nest when she gathers food, they have little chance of survival. Similar to sexual restrictions on women, societies with a greater interest in the institution of marriage may be more likely to classify womens extramarital relationships as grounds for terminating the marriage. Coult, Allan D., and Robert W. Habenstein. Why? Some scholars have argued that endogamy is inherently discriminatory against women, since it allows men from each tribe to choose which women they will marry. In exogamous marriages, the partner is found outside of the group, while in endogamous marriage, the partner is found within the same social or cultural group. He tells us, When I asked more specifically whether the children of first cousins were allowed to marry, people gave me a decided no and added in an indignant tone: Do not ask further; blood relatives may not be united! (Gusinde 1931, 48889). 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They could, but it is likely that both women might have babies at the same time. economy Marriage is one method for societies to establish a reproductive relationship between the bride and groom. He said that a people had religious respect for the blood of a totemic clan, for the clan totem is a god and is present especially in the blood, a sacred substance. Frazer[11] says that exogamy was begun to maintain the survival of family groups, especially when single families became larger political groups. Why? However, it is important to understand that even where polygyny is generally practiced most men will not have more than one wife at any given point in time. Extended family households range from small two-unit families, to large families with 3-4 generations of related individuals. 1969. One estimate is 70% of societies allowing cross-cousin marriage allow symmetrical compared with 30% for asymmetrical cousin marriage (Coult 1965). The group defines the scope and extent of exogamy, and the rules and enforcement mechanisms that ensure its continuity. Exogamy is the practice of marrying outside one's group, clan, or kinship. Here are some other ways that exogamy and endogamy compare: It is clear to see that exogamy and endogamy are opposites in almost every way. Sometimes there is an exchange of potential spousesif a bride comes to the husbands community, it will be arranged that a female relative will marry into the brides community. Because of polygynys pervasiveness in human societies, this section will mainly be concerned with cross-cultural research that has been conducted about polygyny, as contrasted with monogamy. Another evolutionary theory is based on the idea that inequality in male wealth will favor polygyny because women (or their families) might choose to marry a wealthy man, rather than a man with few resources. In contrast, in socially simpler societies, the entire population of able-bodied men may be expected to be warriors.6. Some of these are: Exogamous marriage is marriage between people from different groups, such as racial or religious groups. This finding is consistent with anecdotal evidence that arranged marriage customs tend to break down with modernization. Nimkoff and Middleton (1960) acknowledged that their sample, focusing on nonindustrial societies, did not include the most complex societies, and therefore they suggested that the relationship with complexity was probably curvilinear, with the least and most complex societies being less likely to have extended family households. Exogamy does not guarantee that spouses have no genetic relationship. As long as families have daughters and the daughters marry, every family will receive bride price and pay out bride price when their sons marry. Create an account to start this course today. One exception from the past is the Nayar of the 19th century. A high male mortality in warfare may be the main cause of a sex-ratio favoring females. Men were obliged to seek wives from other groups, including marriage by capture, and exogamy developed as a cultural custom. Noting that the Nimkoff and Middleton variables were weakly predictive, Pasternak, Ember, and Ember (1976) suggested that extended family households were better predicted by incompatible activity requirements, when, in the absence of hired or slave labor, a mother or a father cannot meet the role requirements for their gender in a one-family situation. Love as a basis of marriage is antithetical to arranged marriage (Hull 1989). Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Societies with the highest degree of social stratification have less polygyny (Minocher, Duda, and Jaeggi 2019), which is contrary to the idea that male inequality generally will favor polygyny. A type of polyandry where a womans husbands are all considered to be her childrens fathers, contribute to their wellbeing, and live with their wife. According to a survey 83% people practice exogamy in these tribes. Outbreeding: the practice of breeding between individuals who are not closely related. crime While marriage is universal as a custom, some societies have few unmarried individuals; others have many more. Thus, persons may be expected to marry outside their totem clan(s) or other groups, in addition to outside closer blood relatives. Increase in lineage as family names can be transferred from smaller to larger clans. While first cousin marriage may have higher risk of offspring carrying harmful double recessive genes, severe population loss makes it more difficult to find eligible mates in societies that are already relatively small. 2007. - Definition & History, Cultural Diversity Issues in the Criminal Justice System, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community. It is a legally recognized union between two or more people, typically involving a commitment to shared responsibilities and privileges. The belief that a child can have more than one biological father. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,600],'anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3','ezslot_10',615,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-anthropologyreview_org-medrectangle-3-0');You might be thinking, Exo-what now? Dont worry, youre not alone. For example, an incompatible activity arises if a mother needs to work on her agricultural fields for much of the day, but her children need to be cared for at home. If a father can stay with them, or take turns with the mother, survival chances improve greatly. There are many negative outcomes in adulthood associated with low parental warmth, including low self-evaluation, less generosity, a negative worldview, and more hostility and aggression. Dr. Alston has taught intro psychology, child psychology, and developmental psychology at 2-year and 4-year schools. Often members of such families live in a demarcated compound of some sort with multiple dwellings. Though marriage primarily involves developing a social bond between those who are getting married, how their lives are shaped hinges heavily on the type of household they will live in. 2004. Nimkoff, M. F., and Russell Middleton. Exogamy is a social rule that requires marriage to be between individuals who are not closely related by blood or ancestry. Note that the economic contribution argument fails to explain any advantages for women to be in polygynous marriages, nor does it explain why the opposite form of marriagepolyandryis not generally found where men do most of the subsistence work. Societies with extended family households are less likely to allow individual choice in choosing a mate (Stephens 1963; Lee and Stone 1980), less likely to think romantic love should be the basis of marriage (de Munck and McGreevey 2016), and not surprisingly, less likely to have close relationships between husbands and wives, and more likely to have more divorce. While they are rarely the typical form of marriage in a society, societies practicing polyandry to some degree are more likely to have an opposite sex ratio favoring males rather than females (Starkweather and Hames 2012 see polyandry section below). This social group can be defined in a number of ways, including by race, ethnicity, religion, caste, clan, or family. M. Ember (1984) notes that both a high male mortality in warfare combined with a discrepancy in age of marriage predict general polygyny more strongly than either condition alone. In some cases, the rules of exogamy may also specify the outside group into which an individual must marry. Children from a marriage are symbolized by a downward line from the marriage. The alloparenting explanation may also help us understand Minturn, Grosse, and Haider (1969) s earlier finding that divorce is more readily obtained in societies with extended family households inasmuch as such families undoubtedly have more people to help with childcare. It is likely that originally exogamy evolved as a way to reduce competition among members of the same social group for mates and ensured that individuals had a larger pool of potential mates to choose from. Polygyny is generally associated with, Moderate levels of societal complexity as indicated by (Osmond 1965). In addition, while extended families are associated with agriculture and sedentariness, the associations are very not very strong (Pasternak, Ember, and Ember 1976). the higher the status of females in society (Pearson and Hendrix 1979). Caste exogamy is when individuals marry outside of their own caste. The children of siblings of the opposite gender (i.e., the children of a woman and her brother are cross-cousins to each other). Informal polyandry is where two or more men are recognized as fathers and provide some help to the same woman and her children. Unlike most online dictionaries, we want you to find your word's meaning quickly. Why? legend 1975. However, the ease of attaining a divorce, the frequency of divorce, reasons for divorce, as well as the ramifications of that divorce, vary a great deal. 1988. Exogamy is the social norm of marrying outside one's social group. type of polygyny in which a man is married to two or more women who are not sisters. Extramarital sex or reproductive issues as grounds for divorce (Frayser 1985). Why? Just as it may be difficult to find a non-related mate in a very small population, it may also be difficult in a geographically isolated population to find a mate without allowing marriage to cousins. The groom, before or after the marriage, gives work services to the brides family. In this module, we concentrate on marriage and family customs involving at least one man and one woman because although homosexual behavior is not rare, same-sex marriage is rare cross-culturally. Marriage outside this group is exogamy. Disclosure:Please note that some of the links in this post are affiliate links. Walker, Robert S., Kim Hill, Mark V. Flinn, and Ryan M. Ellsworth. anthropology dictionary Preference for fathers brothers daughter marriage (patrilateral parallel cousin marriage) preference is more likely in patrilocal societies (Flinn and Low 1987). exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. Keywords: Adat sanctions, exogamy, marriage, Tenganan, Bali. Quinlan, Robert J., and Marsha B. Quinlan. Research conducted by M. Ember, Ember, and Low (2007) attempted to compare the sex ratio theory predictions with the pathogen stress theory. Exogamy is also practiced for practical reasons. The severity of enforcement of exogamous restrictions varies greatly across cultures and may range from death to mild disapproval. is associated with bride theft (Ayres 1974). The Komachi, pastoral nomads of southern Iran, preferred marriage with kin who were no more distant than second cousins and about 70% were with first cousins (Bradburd 1990, 115). As discussed in the sexuality module, homosexual behavior, even if common, often coexists with heterosexual marriage practices. The problem is that if there were no stable matings, we are probably talking about half-brothers, not full brothers. While there is considerable research on the type of marriage and the conditions associated with it, aside from some research on aloofness/intimacy there is relatively little known about the quality of the marital relationship. 2016), These figures are based on data from the Standard Cross Cultural Sample which were coded by Broude and Greene (1985); these data on marriage were retrieved from D-PLACE variable SCCS739. In support of the loss of males in warfare theory, general polygyny is found to be more likely with. Ember, Carol R., Melvin Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine. 2007. One example of exogamy can be found in the Hindu caste system in India. And, in both cases, males were frequently absent. 2004. The Embers did put forward a new theory which did predict male-female bonding well. Small size communities and greater variation in rainfall (Dow, Reed, and Woodcock 2016). migration Confinement of womens reproductive potential to one man (Frayser 1985). They should also show appreciation and kindness towards each other. 2007. Kirby, Kathryn R., Russell D. Gray, Simon J. Greenhill, Fiona M. Jordan, Stephanie Gomes-Ng, Hans-Jorg Bibiko, Damian E. Blasi, et al. exogamy, also called out-marriage, custom enjoining marriage outside one's own group. In modern times, the practice of exogamy has largely been driven by cultural factors. Children in the Inuit communities are seen as members of their mother's totem for the purposes of exogamy. Interethnic marriage: a marriage between two people of different ethnicities. Rainfall variability is likely to produce uneven productivity between communities and exogamy provides more opportunities for movement to even out resources. 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