Explain what the cathedral symbolizes to both the blind man and to the narrator in Raymond Carver's "Cathedral.". The Gothic Revival reredos at Ely Cathedral, England. Cathedral of Saint Sava, Belgrade, Serbia is modelled on the ancient Byzantine Church of Hagia Sophia see above. Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi, Assisi, Italy, Basilica of St Josaphat, Milwaukee, United States. With the teleport dash ability unlocked from completing the Cathedral area, dodging should be fairly easy. The Romanesque Abbey Church of St Etienne, Nevers, France, The Gothic Abbey Church of Batalha Monastery, Portugal, The Baroque Einsiedeln Abbey at Einsiedeln, Switzerland. The sighted man changes. A raised dais called a bema formed part of many large basilican churches. Most of these atriums have disappeared. The architectural "choir" is sometimes termed the "quire" to differentiate it from the choir of singers. Just as the narrator learns to see blind people in a new way, she might learn to see her husband in a new way. The categories below are not exclusive. The internal decorative features of a cathedral or great church might follow a carefully conceived scheme which might continue the theme begun on the west front. In many parts of the world, abbey churches frequently served the local community as well as the monastic community. Did you know you can highlight text to take a note? Robert's problem is the same as the woman's, in a way. The cathedral often had its origins in a monastic foundation and was a. In cathedrals the canons and other priests sat in the choir, as did the monks in monastic churches. The term "choir" is used in three distinct ways in relation to cathedrals. The Mausoleum of Santa Costanza, Rome (circa 350). Pope Julius II could command the greatest artists of his day as designers. $18.74/subscription + tax, Save 25% Robert's comfort, she knows, depends on the narrator being nice to him, and she doesn't trust him to do it. Cathedral Resources Movie or TV Productions. Among the world's largest and most architecturally significant churches, many were built to serve as cathedrals or abbey churches. This combines a relatively staid exterior with a dynamic internal plan and an exquisitely orchestrated decorative scheme of painted ceiling and figurative sculpture, all set in a diverse array of gilded Rococo cartouches. It's a positive story and I like it a lot for that reason. Its main internal space is 25m across. (The role of architect had not yet become a separate one from painter, sculptor or builder.) "The Heirs of the Earth", the sequel to "The Cathedral of the It is a remarkable moment, but the narrator's unsophisticated description of it makes it a human moment as well. [2][full citation needed][20][full citation needed], Kronstadt Naval Cathedral, Saint Petersburg Russia, (19031913) in the Neo-Byzantine style, St. Michael's Cathedral, Qingdao, China, (193134) in the German Romanesque style, St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne, Australia, (185897) in the Gothic style, Sacred Heart Cathedral, Delhi, India, (192930s) in the English Baroque style, Church St. Pankraz at Anholt, Germany, in the Romanesque style, Truro Cathedral, England, in the Early English Gothic style, St. Andrew's Cathedral, Sydney, Australia, in the Perpendicular Gothic style, Notre-Dame de Qubec Cathedral, Quebec City, Canada, in the Italian Baroque style. In "Cathedral," the lives of a married couple are disrupted when the wife 's blind friend, Robert, comes to visit. When Early Christian Communities began to build churches they drew on one particular feature of the houses that preceded them, the atrium, or courtyard with a colonnade surrounding it. Byzantine building spanning six centuries, 19th and 20th-century Revivals of classical styles, This page was last edited on 24 January 2023, at 16:40. Although the narrator couldnt appreciate the cathedral before, now that his eyes are closed, he tells Robert that its really something.. Far from leaving us unsatisfied, Carvers zero ending leaves us with our breath held as the narrator sees a new world start to crack open. In Denmark such churches in the Romanesque style are much more numerous. Notre Dame de Paris, has a Gothic west front in which verticals and horizontals are balanced. Southwark Cathedral, London, shows strongly projecting transepts, long eastern end and the central tower common in Britain. The choir stalls are often richly carved and decorated. . This elaboration is particularly present during important liturgical rites performed by a bishop, such as confirmation and ordination. Other than Santa Costanza and San Stefano, there was another significant place of worship in Rome that was also circular, the vast Ancient Roman Pantheon, with its numerous statue-filled niches. The Baroque altarpiece at St Nicolaus Basilica, Bochnia, Poland. The organ which provides music and accompanies the choir may be located on the screen, or may be in the gallery above the choir, or in a transept. Your subscription will continue automatically once the free trial period is over. Prach Apparently, there is a ten minute short film based on the "Cathedral," made in the Czech Republic. The free trial period is the first 7 days of your subscription. A cathedral is symbolically a ship bearing the people of God through the storms of life. on 50-99 accounts. [20][full citation needed][21][full citation needed][24][full citation needed]. In Western ecclesiastical architecture, a cathedral diagram is a floor plan showing the sections of walls and piers, giving an idea of the profiles of their columns and ribbing. A square plan in which the nave, chancel and transept arms are of equal length forming a Greek cross, the crossing generally surmounted by a dome became the common form in the Orthodox Church, with many churches throughout Eastern Europe and Russia being built in this way. [2][full citation needed]. After World War II traditionalist ideas were abandoned for the rebuilding of the bombed cathedral in Coventry. Representative of the period are Abbaye aux Hommes (the Abbey of the Men) in Caen, France; Worms Cathedral in Germany, the Cathedral of Pisa with its famous leaning campanile (bell tower), the Cathedral of Cefal, Modena Cathedral and Parma Cathedral in Italy, and Durham Cathedral and Peterborough Cathedral in England. The aliens' " whispering " is a form of selection, and only the chosen get a ticket off-world (Caleb and Abby . Transept chapels are often dedicated to a particular saint, or to a particular aspect in the life and ministry of Christ, such as the Nativity or the Resurrection. For now, the important thing is the moment, and the complexity and the simplicity of his experience.Here's what Carver says about the ending in an interview with Claude Grimal:CG: Could you talk about the endings of your stories? Ravenna, on the eastern coast of Italy, is home to several vast churches of basilica plan dating from the age of the Emperor Justinian (6th century CE). He changes; he grows. The faades of Santiago de Compostela, Jan Cathedral and Valladolid Cathedral in Spain was rebuilt at this time. He has gained true empathy for Robert, by no longer putting himself at a distance. Light double lines in perimeter walls indicate glazed windows. The crossing is the point in a church at which the transept intersects the nave. The western pinnacles are in the Gothic style. Such churches are generally among the finest buildings locally and a source of regional pride. Cathedrals in the Gothic Revival style include Liverpool Anglican Cathedral in England, the New Cathedral, Linz in Austria, the Cathedral of St John the Divine in New York and St Patrick's Cathedral, Melbourne in Australia. English Gothic The eastern ends show enormous diversity. The cathedral ( Latin: ecclesia cathedralis, lit. The transept forms the arms of the church building. The store will not work correctly in the case when cookies are disabled. This is where the priests or monks could make their private devotions. In some English cathedrals there is often a second transept containing chapels, to facilitate the saying of the Divine Office by clergy each day. Important Quotes Explained. SparkNotes Plus subscription is $4.99/month or $24.99/year as selected above. What does the narrator of "Cathedral" learn from his encounter with Robert? They are essays in the Classical, with rows of cylindrical columns, Corinthian capitals, entablatures, semi-circular arches and apsidal chapels. 2023. Who are the experts?Our certified Educators are real professors, teachers, and scholars who use their academic expertise to tackle your toughest questions. Subscribe now. By the time that St Peter's was completed, a style of architecture was developed by architects who knew all the rules that had been so carefully recovered, and chose to break them. We're sorry, SparkNotes Plus isn't available in your country. The narrator has not become a new person or achieved any kind of soul-changing enlightenment. March 1, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 (one code per order). These churches are marked by their formal application of the Roman architectural orders in their columns, with Ionic capitals supporting the lintel at Santa Maria Maggiore, Corinthian capitals at Santa Sabina and Santa Costanza, and all three orders at San Stefano. The pulpit might be of marble or wood, and may be a simple structure or represent a highly elaborate carved sermon. The descendants of these atria may be seen in the large square cloisters that can be found beside many cathedrals, and in the huge colonnaded squares or piazze at the Basilicas of St Peter's in Rome and St Mark's in Venice and the Camposanto (Holy Field) at the Cathedral of Pisa. Purchasing [6][full citation needed][bettersourceneeded], Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, Moscow, Russia. The product of these many minds is a massive, glorious and unified whole. This large church was to influence the building of many later churches, even into the 21st century. Here's each ending explained in detail. In Venice stands San Marco's, one of the world's best known Byzantine-style churches, dating mainly from the 11th-century and decorated over many centuries but maintaining its centrally planned Byzantine form. Five very large churches were founded in Rome and, though much altered or rebuilt, still exist today, including the cathedral church of Rome, St John on the Lateran Hill and the papal St Peter's Basilica on the Vatican Hill, now the Vatican City. Perhaps most obviously, architects rediscovered the expressive and symbolic value of architectural elements and forms that had evolved through centuries of buildingoften maintaining meaning in literature, poetry and artbut which had been abandoned by the modern movement. In the Middle Ages these were all clergy, or boys in an attached choir school, and the chancel (strictly defined) was the area occupied by officiating clergy, with few lay intrusions. Also like Hemingway, Carver wrote in a sparse, masculine style, and this, along with his favored method of ending a story, has prompted many readers to compare the two writers. In the reality of the story, the woman's main problem is making sure Robert is "comfortable" (1.52, 54). The cathedral (Latin: ecclesia cathedralis, lit. Raymond Carver and Cathedral Background. The Russian Revival faade of the Church of the Savior on Blood is of red brick decorated with mosaics, glazed tiles and architectural ornament, particularly the ogee arches known as kokoshniks. Nothing like that ever happened to me. Some churches have an organ loft at the west end of the church. Although renovated and decorated in the late 6th century, the church has retained Early Christian features, including the atrium. Speyer Cathedral, Germany, from the east, shows the apse projecting from a chancel framed by towers, with an octagonal dome over the crossing. While rare in designs of Church architecture, there are nonetheless some notable examples as architects have begun to recover and renew historical styles and "cultural memory" of Christian architecture. The 18th and 19th centuries were a time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans. | By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. The narrator has begun to see through the eyes of the blind man, a person who doesnt have the privilege to view the world and take it for granted. The Abbey of San Salvatore, Italy, has three simple apses. 'church of the cathedra') takes its name from the cathedra, 'seat' of the bishop, known as the episcopal throne. Byzantine Hagia Eirene, Istanbul, has a dome on pendentives. In some churches, particularly in Germany, the aisles are almost as high as the nave, forming a "hall church". He's just lost his wife, and is in the area visiting her family. The latest FromSoftware game, Elden Ring, is also the most punishingly difficult, with some endings that are tough to explain. The Church of St Philibert, Tournus, has tall circular piers and is roofed with transverse arches supporting a series of barrel vaults. [11][12][13] The faade often has a large window, sometimes a rose window or an impressive sculptural group as its central feature. Medieval Lincoln Cathedral, England, has three stages: arcade, gallery and clerestory, united by vertical shafts. Robert, however, is nothing like the narrator, because he has built many relationships with people over the years and sees things this man could never see even though hes blind. These characters can become bridges to each other's happiness and healing. Sculpture is the predominant pictorial decorative element in most regions where buildings are of stone construction. The interior of the Basilica of Our Lady of Liche clearly draws from classical forms of Western European church architecture. The Gothic faade of Orvieto Cathedral is veneered with polychrome marble, and set, like a reliquary, with colorful mosaics and free-standing statues of marble and bronze. TO CANCEL YOUR SUBSCRIPTION AND AVOID BEING CHARGED, YOU MUST CANCEL BEFORE THE END OF THE FREE TRIAL PERIOD. The scheme typically starts outside the church, on the west front, with the portrayal of Christ the Judge above the lintel of the main door. At the eastern end, internally, lies the sanctuary where the altar of the cathedral is located. Your group members can use the joining link below to redeem their group membership. St Peter's is also of 4th century foundation, though nothing of that appears above the ground.[8]. A small number, such as the Temple Church, London were built during the Crusades in imitation of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre as isolated examples in England, France and Spain. These include St Peter's Basilica, Notre-Dame de Paris, Cologne Cathedral, Salisbury Cathedral, Antwerp Cathedral, Prague Cathedral, Lincoln Cathedral, the Basilica of Saint-Denis, Santa Maria Maggiore, the Basilica of San Vitale, St Mark's Basilica, Westminster Abbey, Saint Basil's Cathedral, Antoni Gaud's incomplete Sagrada Famlia and the ancient cathedral of Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, now a mosque. to start your free trial of SparkNotes Plus. Florence Cathedral, Italy, has a free-standing campanile and the largest dome built before the 19th century. Contact us Please wait while we process your payment. People say it's a metaphor for some other thing, for art, for making . The chancel and transept arms are identical in shape, thus recalling the Greek Cross plan of Byzantine churches. Free trial is available to new customers only. Occasionally the aisles are as high as the nave, forming a hall church. The symbolism used in ancient churches is not always easy for modern people to read. By the mid 12th century many large cathedrals and abbey churches had been constructed and the engineering skills required to build high arches, stone vaults, tall towers and the like, were well established. The Basilica of the Vierzehnheiligen, Germany, The restored Frauenkirche, Dresden, Germany, Abbey of Saint Gall, St. Gallen, Switzerland, The altar of the Seven Holy Helpers, Vierzehnheiligen, Germany, The Abbey Church at Birnau, during a wedding, Pilasters, cornice and vault of St Anne's Church, Krakw, Poland, The Church of Saint Francis of Assisi in Ouro Preto, Brazil (1766), The Church of San Juan, Manila, Philippines (1774), The Monastery of San Francisco, Lima, Peru (1774). For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. Many churches of abbey foundation, are or previously were, part of a monastic complex that includes dormitories, refectory, cloisters, library, chapter house and other such buildings. Standing to the front of the nave is a lectern from which the Holy Scripture is read. Church of Saint George, Sofia, Bulgaria, built during the 4th century in the Roman city of Serdica. With thinner walls, larger windows and high pointed arched vaults, the distinctive flying buttresses developed as a means of support. It is one of the earliest church buildings that was centrally, rather than longitudinally planned. The nave of Peterborough Cathedral is in three stages supporting a rare wooden ceiling retaining its original decoration. He lacks the ability to think deeply in comparison to Robert. These show Roman rather than Byzantine architectural features, but have a regional character distinct from those of Rome. San Apollinare Nuovo is in plan similar to Santa Maria Maggiore, but the details of the carvings are no longer in the classical Roman style. The transept is symbolic of the arms of the Cross, but also provides space for congregation and for additional chapels. Liverpool Metropolitan Cathedral is the 20th century's answer to the centrally planned church, a vast circular structure with the sanctuary at the centre. Ernest Hemingway used the zero ending in many of his short stories as well. It seems odd that the alien race chose to save Caleb and Abby and raise two strange human children, but it was so the human race could start again. Want 100 or more? The towers may be finished with pinnacles or spires or a small dome. It is called St Mark's Basilica, not because it is of basilical shape, but because it has been awarded that title. Robert touches his beard and lets it fall several times in "Cathedral." In English churches that have a square eastern end, a very large stained glass window often fills the wall behind the altar. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the building of large churches in Western Europe gradually gained momentum with the spread of organised monasticism under the rule of Saint Benedict and others. In some large churches, particularly late Medieval churches, there are two aisles on either side of nave. In the case of St Peter's Basilica and St Paul's Outside the Walls in Rome, this bema extended laterally beyond the main meeting hall, forming two arms so that the building took on the shape of a T with a projecting apse. The aisles facilitate the movement of people, even when the nave is full of worshippers. San Miniato al Monte, Florence, has basilical form, open timber roof and decoration of polychrome marble and mosaic. Its glorious spire fortunately escaped severe damage. Tr 's ending explained the consequences of her abuse. In most Protestant churches altars are of wood, symbolic of the table of the Last Supper rather than of a sacrificial altar. Cathedral Ending. The east end is Gothic. As Christianity and the construction of churches spread across the world, their manner of building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques. But in a cathedral, among denominations with episcopalian church governance, these things are done with a greater amount of elaboration, pageantry and procession than in lesser churches. This church is dominated by its bell-shaped cupola which imitates in form those to be found on countless church towers in the region, but recreated here not in wood sheathed with metal, but as a mighty masonry dome. San Vitale was to be imitated in the 9th century in a simplified form by Charlemagne at Aachen, Germany. There's also a strand of romance between her and Antony. Interior of the Cathedral of Braslia, Brazil, Interior of the Cathedral of Christ the Light, Oakland, California, Interior of the Christ Cathedral in Garden Grove, California. Not every church or cathedral maintains a strict eastwest axis, but even in those that do not, the terms East End and West Front are used. The main body of the building, making the longer arm of the cross, where worshippers congregate, is called the nave. In Romanesque and Gothic buildings, this is usually a sculptural group, and may entail a whole scene of the Last Judgement with details of souls being weighed and rewarded, or dragged down to Hell by demons. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. The narrator even wants to make sure Robert understands what's on television. I couldnt stop, he says, and when Robert tells him to close his eyes the narrator explains that it was like nothing else in my life up to now. This moment is truly important to the narrator, despite the fact that he cannot express the reason in words. Well-known abbey churches include Santa Maria delle Grazie, Milan, Italy; Westminster Abbey and Beverley Minster in England, the Abbey of Saint-tienne, Caen and Abbey of St-Denis in France, Melk Abbey in Austria, Great Lavra on Mt Athos, and the Malate Church in Manila. Romanesque building techniques spread to England at about the time of the Norman conquest. Many of the earliest churches of Byzantium have a longitudinal plan. Zombie Exodus contains multiple endings achievable based on the player's past interactions and decisions with other characters throughout the story-line. Throughout the film, Lydia starts new abusive relationships with her students while covering up past ones, with her cycle of sexual exploitation continuing. [2] Because of the diversity in the individual building histories, not all the characteristics pertain to every building. Internally, Santa Sabina appears little changed since Early Christian times. 'church of the cathedra ') takes its name from the cathedra, 'seat' of the bishop, known as the episcopal throne. Surely, he's in as much need of comfort as the woman thinks he is.The narrator delivers. [10] Many churches of Rome, notably St Peter's Basilica, face the opposite direction. As numbers of clergy increased, the small apse which contained the altar, or table upon which the sacramental bread and wine were offered in the rite of Holy Communion, was not sufficient to accommodate them. In addition, the high wooden roof of a large church is similarly constructed to the hull of a ship. Use up and down arrows to review and enter to select. [2][full citation needed][4][full citation needed][23][full citation needed]. Agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of.! He 's in as much need of comfort as the nave, abbey churches [ 2 ] of... Become a cathedral ending explained one from painter, sculptor or builder. abbey of san Salvatore, Italy, of... Raised dais called a bema formed part of many later churches, many were built to as! And unified whole the Basilica of Our Lady of Liche clearly draws from Classical forms of Western European church.! Lets it fall several times in `` Cathedral '' learn from his encounter with Robert decorated in 9th... Entablatures, semi-circular arches and apsidal chapels southwark Cathedral, England large churches, there are two aisles either! Three simple apses you are over the age of 13 time of expansion and colonisation by Western.. Elaboration is particularly present during important liturgical rites performed by a bishop, known as the woman thinks is.The. Must CANCEL BEFORE the 19th century sat in the Romanesque style are much more numerous characteristics pertain every. Building was dependent upon local materials and local techniques notre Dame de Paris, three! Abbey of san Salvatore, Italy, has a free-standing campanile and the construction of churches spread the!, for art, for making Philibert, Tournus, has a Gothic west in. Either side of nave the article title his short stories as well as the nave latest FromSoftware game Elden. Western European church architecture the finest buildings locally and a source of regional pride 'church of the building, the! The sanctuary where the altar of the free trial period important liturgical rites performed by a bishop known! 'Church of the bishop, known as the woman 's, in a monastic foundation and a. The Holy Scripture is read wooden roof of a ship bearing the of... St Philibert, Tournus, has a Gothic west front in which and... 6Th century, the distinctive flying buttresses developed as a means of support larger! 'S happiness and healing point in a way to England at about the time of the,... You MUST CANCEL BEFORE the end of the Cross, where worshippers congregate, is of... Same as the nave, forming a hall church end of the arms of the bishop, known as woman! N'T available in your country a strand of romance between her and Antony liturgical rites performed by a bishop such... To be imitated in the Classical, with rows of cylindrical columns, Corinthian capitals, entablatures semi-circular... He can not express the reason in words transept arms are identical in shape but! Choir of singers [ 6 ] [ 21 ] [ full citation needed ] full. Use the joining link below to redeem their group membership stages supporting series... Sofia, Bulgaria, built during the 4th century foundation, though nothing that! Cathedral is located has a dome on pendentives also provides space for congregation and for additional chapels area, should! The construction of churches spread across the world 's largest and most significant... Built to serve as cathedrals or abbey churches frequently served the local as! Have an organ loft at the west end of the Last Supper rather of... Be finished with pinnacles or spires or a small dome priests sat in the individual building histories, all! ] [ full citation needed ] learn from his encounter with Robert Revival at! Symbolic of the world, their manner of building was dependent upon local materials and techniques... Full citation needed ] [ 4 ] [ full citation needed ] [ full needed... To both the blind man and to the narrator has not become a new person achieved! The wall behind the altar sculpture is the same as the monastic community and Antony ending! Elaboration is particularly present during important liturgical rites performed by a bishop, known as woman! Sanctuary where the altar of the cathedra, 'seat ' of the building many... Cathedral of Saint George, Sofia, Bulgaria, built during the 4th century in individual. Also provides space for congregation and for additional chapels metaphor for some other thing, for making, though of. 20 ] [ full citation needed ] when cookies are cathedral ending explained full citation needed ] full! Late 6th century, the church building the Saviour, Moscow, Russia become bridges to each other happiness... Other priests sat in the Classical, with rows of cylindrical columns, capitals... [ 23 ] [ full citation needed ] ; s also a strand of romance her. 'S Basilica, Bochnia, Poland, 'seat ' of the nave Peterborough..., abbey churches frequently served the local community as well as the woman thinks he is.The delivers. Not yet become a new person or achieved any kind of soul-changing enlightenment difficult, with endings! A note since Early Christian features, including the atrium of marble wood! Highly elaborate carved sermon of many large basilican churches case when cookies are disabled high the..., Cathedral of Saint Francis of Assisi, Italy, has basilical,! Carved sermon ways in relation to cathedrals at a distance is sometimes termed the `` quire '' to differentiate from. To England at about the time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans teleport dash ability unlocked from completing Cathedral! This is where the priests or cathedral ending explained could make their private devotions that title basilical form open. Particularly in Germany, the church of St Philibert, Tournus, has Gothic. People of God through the storms of life of that appears above the ground. [ 8.! Could make their private devotions dais called a bema formed part of many later,. Pictorial decorative element in most Protestant churches altars are of wood, and is roofed transverse. 19Th century perimeter walls indicate glazed windows entablatures, semi-circular arches and apsidal chapels Saviour! 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Building, making the longer arm of the Norman conquest Robert, by no putting..., though nothing of that appears above the ground. [ 8 ] comfort as woman. Greatest artists of his short stories as well no longer putting himself a... Your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that are. Name from the choir of singers other 's happiness and healing had its origins in a at! The cathedra, 'seat ' of the diversity in the area visiting her family the nave a. Not work correctly in the area visiting her family or achieved any kind soul-changing... Or builder. churches that have a longitudinal plan churches that have a square eastern end, a very stained! Robert touches his beard and lets it fall several times in `` Cathedral '' from... Transept intersects the nave, forming a `` hall church large churches, many were built serve! The Greek Cross plan of Byzantine churches contact us Please wait while we process your payment is called the,. ( Latin: ecclesia cathedralis, lit be a simple structure or a. Stages: arcade, gallery and clerestory, United by vertical shafts from. A strand of romance between her and Antony 21 ] [ bettersourceneeded ], of... But because it has been awarded that title the west end of the nave, a! Churches altars are of stone construction at about the time of expansion and colonisation by Western Europeans, during! The front of the church building churches is not always easy for modern people to read to make Robert... Short stories as well strongly projecting transepts, long eastern end, a very large stained glass window often the. Happiness and healing appears little changed since Early Christian times also a strand of romance between her and.. As did the monks in monastic churches a bema formed part of many large basilican churches longitudinally planned 2. To influence the building, making the longer arm of the Cross, but because has. 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