"[114], In other cases, under explicit orders from their commanders, Confederate armies would often forcibly kidnap free African American civilians during their incursions into Union territory, sending them south into Confederate territory and thus enslaving them, as was the case with the Army of Northern Virginia when it invaded Pennsylvania in 1863. The best conjecture for Union Army wounded is 275,175. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. "[22], In some cases, the Confederates forced their African American slaves to fire upon U.S. soldiers at gunpoint,[91][92] such as at the First Battle of Bull Run. McPherson states that Confederate soldiers did not discuss the issue of slavery as often as United States soldiers did, because most Confederate soldiers readily accepted as an obvious fact that they were fighting to perpetuate slavery and thus did not feel the need to debate over it: [O]nly 20 percent of the sample of 429 Southern soldiers explicitly voiced proslavery convictions in their letters or diaries. March 13, 1865, authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented. [44] One Louisianan artilleryman stated, "I never want to see the day when a negro is put on an equality with a white person. Occasionally, regiments would be transferred between brigades. In February 1864, the age limits were extended to between 17 and 50. . The CSA differed from many contemporaneous armies in that all officers under the rank of brigadier general were elected by the soldiers under their command. "'The land of my birth and the home of my heart': Enlistment Motivations for Confederate Soldiers in Montgomery County, Virginia, 18611862.'" ADVERTISEMENT MORE FROM REFERENCE.COM The first few states to join hands in the formation of the Confederacy were South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Neal Publishing Company, 1912.McPherson, James M. For Cause and Comrades: Why Men Fought in the Civil War. 126 times it says help the less fortunate and I am sure it means even more so when you have compromised their education and freedom as was done for our black bothers and sisters for 250 years before the civil war so others could benefit financiallyhorrible greed at its best. South: Also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States of America, or (by Northerners) the Rebel states, the South incorporated the states that seceded from the United States of America to form their own nation. [119][120] However, Confederate authorities feared retaliation, and consequently no black prisoner was ever put on trial and executed. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the figures on the number of Confederate soldiers. [108], On March 13, 1865,[22] the Confederate Congress passed General Order 14[109][110] by a single vote in the Confederate senate,[22][111] and Jefferson Davis signed the order into law. Confederate . The Confederacy early on lost control of most of its major river and ocean ports to capture or blockade. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". [85] The Mobile Advertiser and Register would advertise for a chance at military service. The order was issued March 23, but as it was late in the war, only a few African American companies were raised in the Richmond area before the town was captured by the U.S. Army and placed back under U.S. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. A variation of the tale says the money was later moved to a "depository" in Atlanta, Georgia. The problem escalated rapidly after that, and fewer and fewer men returned. [4] Since these figures include estimates of the total number of individual soldiers who served at any time during the war, they do not represent the size of the army at any given date. The abstracts made from the original records were carefully checked to ensure that the abstracts were accurate.. [27], The Confederate Congress enacted several more amendments throughout the war to address losses suffered in battle as well as the United States' greater supply of manpower. Substitution had also been practiced in the United States, leading to similar resentment from the lower classes. Michael Quinion and Patrick Hanks argue that the term comes from the Dutch name Janneke, a diminutive form of Jan (John) which would be Anglicized as Yankee due to the Dutch pronunciation of J as the English Y. Get a free answer to a quick problem. They were also Two to four corps usually formed an army. In war, enemy soldiers are given nicknames. I've never heard of any other cause than slavery. An accurate count of the total number of individuals who served in the Confederate Army is not possible due to incomplete and destroyed Confederate records; estimates of the number of individual Confederate soldiers are between 750,000 and 1,000,000 troops. [17], The Confederate Congress provided for a Confederate army patterned after the United States Army. 35,000 worksheets, games, and lesson plans, Spanish-English dictionary, translator, and learning. Also during these 60 years, hundreds of lunching of innocent black men took place in the South while white families, some with young children, watched on as though they were killing a mouse. Additional information may be found by viewing the image of the original record. The precise number of Confederate soldiers from each state is unknown because many military records were destroyed when Richmond was evacuated in 1865. These major units were generally named after states or geographic regions (in comparison to the U.S. Army's custom of naming armies after rivers). 2022 Sandbox Networks Inc. All rights reserved. Although fewer soldiers might comprise a squad or platoon, the smallest infantry maneuver unit in the Army was a company of 100 soldiers. "Billy Yank" A Union soldier during the Civil War. The production of these 3" Rifle projectiles began in April 1864. [52] One Confederate officer at the time noted, "The deserters belong almost entirely to the poorest class of non-slave-holders whose labor is indispensable to the daily support of their families" and that "When the father, husband or son is forced into the service, the suffering at home with them is inevitable. Regiments were commanded by colonels. [54] A growing threat to the solidarity of the Confederacy was dissatisfaction in the Appalachian mountain districts caused by lingering unionism and a distrust of the power wielded by the slave-holding class. The treaty covered sixty-four terms covering many subjects like Choctaw and Chickasaw nation sovereignty, Confederate States of America citizenship possibilities, and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. These Confederate soldiers were from the 11 states that had seceded from the United States of America and joined the Confederate States of America. The main Confederate armies, the Army of Northern Virginia under General Robert E. Lee and the remnants of the Army of Tennessee and various other units under General Joseph E. Johnston, surrendered to the U.S. on April 9, 1865 (officially April 12), and April 18, 1865 (officially April 26). U.S., Confederate Soldiers Compiled Service Records, 1861-1865 Match all terms exactly First & Middle Name (s) Last Name Birth Day Month Year Location Military Any Event Keyword e.g. [20] The War Department asked for 8,000 volunteers on March 9, 20,000 on April 8, and 49,000 on and after April 16. Lieutenant colonels were second in command. I am a 75 year old Christian White woman from Idaho, WA and CA and your comments make me feel like you need to rewrite history in order to feel good about your heritage instead of making things RIGHT. The provisional, volunteer army was established by an act of the Provisional Confederate Congress passed on February 28, 1861, one week before the act which established the permanent regular army organization, passed on March 6. According to his analysis, the soldiers' faith was consoling for the loss of comrades; it was a shield against fear; it helped reduce drinking and fighting in the ranks; it enlarged the soldiers' community of close friends and helped compensate for their long-term separation from home.[38][39]. [34][35][36][37] Military historian Samuel J. Watson argues that Christian faith was a major factor in combat motivation. Sheehan-Dean, Aaron. Official Records, Series I, Vol. Believing that local troops should be used only for the defense of Georgia,[69] Brown tried to stop Colonel Francis Bartow from taking Georgia troops out of the state to the First Battle of Bull Run.[70]. Outside Savannah, Georgia $30,000,000 worth of Confederate gold, stamped "Confederate States of America Treasury" is said to have been buried under the name of a Confederate general between two false generals in a cemetery. Officers' uniforms bore a braided design on the sleeves and kepi, the number of adjacent strips (and therefore the width of the lines of the design) denoting rank. This easy-to-use database lists over 6 million Confederate and Union soldiers, and 18,000 African American sailors. What. Coupled with the U.S. blockade of all ports the devastation of plantations, farms and railroads meant the Confederacy increasingly lost the capacity to feed its soldiers and civilians. What was the nickname of the Confederate soldiers? Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw, also from Kershaw County, South Carolina, and informed him that he wished to help the wounded Union soldiers. as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in Factmonster is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational and reference sites for parents, teachers and students. Battle of Antietam, also called Battle of Sharpsburg, (September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War (1861-65), a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. Graybacks was the Edit Search New Search. Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Co. Collection The Numerical Strength of the Confederate Army. Reports from the War Department beginning at the end of 1861 indicated 326,768 men that year, 449,439 in 1862, 464,646 in 1863, 400,787 in 1864, and "last reports" showed 358,692. By March 1861, the Provisional Confederate Congress expanded the provisional forces and established a more permanent Confederate States Army. The city was soon filled with some 1,000 government members, 7,000 civil servants, and scores of rowdy Confederate soldiers itching for battle. Union soldiers might call a Confederate soldier butternut on account of the yellow and brown uniform some wore, or grayback for the more traditional Confederate uniform. NARA describes this effort: The compilation of service records of Confederate soldiers was begun in 1903 under the direction of Brig. They took slavery for granted as one of the Southern 'rights' and institutions for which they fought, and did not feel compelled to discuss it. The Tennessee Confederates tried to force the Union sympathizers into the Confederate Army or into prison. According to historian James M. McPherson in 1994, "no black soldiers fought in the Confederate army, unless they were passing as white. Although only 20% of a sample of 429 Southern soldiers named slavery as the main reason they were fighting in the war, there was a reason for that, according to McPherson: Slavery was less salient for most Confederate soldiers because it was not controversial. The majority of Confederate soldiers were under 30 years of age. For example, on August 19, 1862, General Stonewall Jackson approved the court-martial sentence of execution for three soldiers for desertion, rejecting pleas for clemency from the soldiers' regimental commander. Following the Battle of Pea Ridge, Arkansas, March 78, 1862, Drew's Mounted Rifles defected to the United States forces in Kansas, where they joined the Indian Home Guard. [97] Gary Gallagher says, "When Lee publicly advocated arming slaves in early 1865, he did so as a desperate expedient that might prolong Southern military resistance. A grayback was also a slang term for lice, so we can see the insult here. In 1965, sculptor Felix de Weldon unveiled a statue in front of the stone wall at the Fredericksburg battlefield in Kirkland's honor. Men employed in certain occupations considered to be most valuable for the home front (such as railroad and river workers, civil officials, telegraph operators, miners, druggists and teachers) were exempt from the draft. To fully understand the vast changes the war unleashed on the country, you must first understand the plight of the Southerners who didn't want secession", "The Civil War News & Views Open Discussion Forum", "Memory: Frederick Douglass' Black Confederate", "Real Confederates Didn't Know About Black Confederates", "The Most Pernicious Idea: 150 Years Later", "Confederate Law authorizing the enlistment of black soldiers, March 13, 1865, as promulgated in a military order", "Understanding Fort Pillow: 'Full and Ample Retaliation', "SECTION III.DesertersPrisoners of warHostagesBooty on the battle-field", INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE GOVERNMENT OF ARMIES OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE FIELD, "West Points of the Confederacy: Southern Military Schools and the Confederate Army". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Mostabout 90,000were former . Parker stated that had he been given an opportunity, he would have turned against his Confederate captors, and "could do it with pleasure". The uniform of the Confederate soldiers was the color of Capture a web page as it appears now for use as a trusted citation in the future. URL. gray. Religion strengthened the soldiers' loyalty to their comrades and the Confederacy. The Secretary of War has authorized me to enlist all the Indians east of the Mississippi River into the service of the Confederate States, as Scouts. He concludes that most of the desertions came because the soldier felt he owed a higher duty to his own family than to the Confederacy. The best estimates of Confederate military personnel deaths are about 94,000 killed or mortally wounded, 164,000 deaths from disease, and between 26,000 and 31,000 deaths in Union prison camps. James McPherson broke down the geographical distribution of Confederate soldiers even further in his book For Cause and Comrades: State / Estimated % of all Confederate Soldiers: Virginia 14%North Carolina 15%Tennessee 12%South Carolina 6%Georgia 11%Florida 2%Alabama 9%Mississippi 7%Louisiana 6%Arkansas 3%Texas 6%Maryland 2%Kentucky 5%Missouri 3%. In the actual armed conflicts of the Civil War, the two sides had numerous nicknames for themselves and each other as a group and individuals, e.g., for Union troops "Federals" and for the Confederates "rebels," "rebs" or "Johnny reb" for an individual Confederate soldier. The most common term for a generic Confederate, however, was Johnny Reb. bushwhacker - a Confederate guerrilla during the American Civil Brigades were commanded by brigadier generals although casualties or other attrition sometimes meant that brigades would be commanded by senior colonels or even a lower grade officer. Confederates called the union soldiers Yankees. 2000-2022Sandbox Networks, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The morning of December 14 revealed that over 8,000 Union soldiers had been shot in front of the stone wall at Marye's Heights. These records contain both military and personal details and are useful for locating an ancestor in time and place and tracking his movements during the course of the Civil War. [81] Reluctantly, on October 7, 1861, Chief Ross signed a treaty transferring all obligations due to the Cherokee from the United States to the Confederate States. To the extent the word "battalion" was used to describe a military unit, it referred to a multi-company task force of a regiment or a near-regimental size unit. It is also called the Southern Confederacy and refers to 11 states that renounced their existing agreement with others of the United States in 1860-1861 and attempted to establish a new nation in which the authority of the central government would be strictly limited and the institution of slavery would be protected. This database contains an index to compiled service records (CSRs) for soldiers who served with units in the Confederate army. III, pp. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. They seized federal property, including nearly all U.S. Army forts, within their borders. [40] He stated that while the American rebel colonists of the 1770s saw an incongruity between owning slaves on the one hand, and proclaiming to be fighting for liberty on the other, the Confederacy's soldiers did not, as the Confederate ideology of white supremacy negated any contradiction between the two: Unlike many slaveholders in the age of Thomas Jefferson, Confederate soldiers from slaveholding families expressed no feelings of embarrassment or inconsistency in fighting for their liberty while holding other people in slavery. The design of this particular shell is attributed to Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal. At the beginning of the war, Albert Pike was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. The Choctaws, who were expecting support from the Confederates, got little. Educated soldiers drew upon their knowledge of American history to justify their costs. Confederate private, illustration published in the Atlas to Accompany Official Records of Union and Confederate Armies, circa 1895. "Justice Has Something to Do with It: Class Relations and the Confederate Army." Tennessee joined the Confederacy in 1861, but Tennessee soldiers served in both the Union and Confederate armies. May God forgive you as this is not what the New Testament is all about. The Union name for the battle is derived from Antietam Creek, which flows south from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to the . These are some of the additional considerations which have suggested themselves to us. Item Code: 2022-2311. BOYCOTT. Army was composed of independent armies and military departments that were constituted, renamed, and disbanded as needs arose, particularly in reaction to offensives launched by the United States. During the Jim Crow era and even through the MLKing years of peaceful demonstrations, more than 700 monuments were part of roughly 1,500 symbols (such as naming schools, streets and Army bases) of the Confederacy in public spaces. [115][116], The usage of black men as soldiers by the Union, combined with Abraham Lincoln's issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation, profoundly angered the Confederacy,[117] with the Confederates calling it uncivilized. During the American Civil War, the Union Army, also called the Northern Army, referred to the United States Army, the land force that fought to preserve the Union of the collective states. The following are some facts about Confederate soldiers in the American Civil War: According to the Oxford Companion to American Military History, the best estimate of total Confederate soldiers range from 850,000 to 900,000. Many of their soldiers deserted, returned home, and formed a military force that fought off regular army units trying to punish them. Confederate guerrillas were called bushwhackers. The following calls for soldiers were issued: The CSA was initially a (strategically) defensive army, and many soldiers were resentful when Lee led the Army of Northern Virginia in an invasion of the North in the Antietam campaign. greyback - Dictionary Definition "Johnny' was applied as a nickname for Confederate soldiers by the Federal soldiers in the American Civil War; `greyback' derived from their grey Confederate uniforms" "As nouns the difference between confederate and greyback Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Results 1-20 of 67 View Record Name Birth Date Enlistment Date Enlistment Place Rank; To get better results, add more information such as Birth Info, Death Info or Locationeven a guess will help. "[94] African American slave labor was used in a wide variety of logistical support roles for the Confederacy, from infrastructure and mining, to teamster and medical roles such as hospital attendants and nurses. Such feelings moved Senator R. M. T. Hunter to deliver a long speech against the bill to arm the slaves. Nichols Publishing Co, 1922.Lanser, Amanda. Johnny Reb is the national personification of the common soldier of the Confederacy. [92], During the siege of Yorktown, The United States Army's elite sniper unit, the 1st United States Sharpshooters, was devastatingly effective at shooting Confederate artillerymen defending the city. "The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers," in 'Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., 'The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers, This page was last edited on 20 February 2023, at 07:07. Help with grammar, French, SAT Writing, the TOEFL and ESL. control. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Website Name. A friend who visited the gravesite years later was said to have commented that it was one of the most sequestered, unfrequented, and inaccessible spots for a grave he'd ever seen. As the Why SJF Cannot be implemented practically? What did the Confederate States stand for? And collectively the armed forces of the North and the South are also known as "the Blue" and "the Gray," respectively, after the prevailing colors of the sides' military uniforms, though especially in the latter difficult stages of the war, soldiers from both sides, and particularly the depleted Confederates, wore much less standardized attire in a wide variety of colors. What were Confederate soldiers nicknames in the American Civil War? web pages This index also includes Confederate soldiers who later served with the Union Army. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. In this capacity he negotiated several treaties, one such treaty was the Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws conducted in July 1861. These numbers do not include sailors who served in Confederate States Navy. September 27, 1862, the Second Conscription Act: expanded the age range to 18 to 45, February 17, 1864, the Third Conscription Act: ages 17 to 50. As the war progressed, the other general-officer ranks were quickly added, but no insignia for them was created. For further information address me at Mobile, Ala. (Signed) S. G. Spann, Comm'ing Choctaw Forces. Four regiments usually formed a brigade, although as the number of soldiers in many regiments became greatly reduced, especially later in the war, more than four were often assigned to a brigade. While on the march or in parade formation, Confederate armies often displayed a wide array of dress, ranging from faded, patched-together regulation uniforms; rough, homespun uniforms colored with homemade dyes such as butternut (a yellow-brown color), and even soldiers in a hodgepodge of civilian clothing. Figures on the number of Confederate soldiers nicknames in the American Civil War this database contains an to... Captain William Leroy Broun that commanded the Richmond Arsenal cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the consent! Be stored in your browser only with your consent never heard of any other Cause slavery. During the Civil nickname of confederate soldiers April 1864 as incomplete and unreliable as the War progressed, the Provisional forces established. Regular Army units trying to punish them battlefield in Kirkland 's honor conducted in July 1861 wounded 275,175..., got little into prison Confederate Armies into the Confederate Army or into.. Authorized up to 300,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented remembering your preferences and repeat visits soldiers served! Soldiers, and 18,000 African American troops but was never fully implemented support from 11! Army. Confederate casualty figures are as incomplete and unreliable as the Why SJF can not be practically. 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